48 articles
Mechanical strabismus
Mechanical (restrictive) strabismus: eye misalignment from physical limitation of extraocular muscle movement, not nerve palsy. Causes include thyroid eye disease, orbital fractures, scarring, and congenital fibrosis; diagnosed with forced duction testing.
Monocular elevator palsy
Monocular elevator palsy, also called monocular elevation deficiency or double elevator palsy (ICD-11 9C83.02), is inability of one eye to elevate equally in adduction and abduction, caused by inferior rectus restriction, elevator weakness, or a supranuclear lesion, and treated surgically by inferior rectus recession or Knapp transposition.
Non paralytic strabismus
Non paralytic strabismus (ICD-11 9C80; concomitant strabismus) is eye deviation with full ocular movements in each eye, comitant in all gaze directions, comprising 75–95% of strabismus cases, treated with refractive correction, botulinum toxin, or surgery.
Ocular tilt reaction
Ocular tilt reaction (OTR): triad of skew deviation, ocular torsion, and head tilt toward the lower eye, from otolithic pathway imbalance; coined by Westheimer and Blair, 1975.
Ophthalmoparesis
Ophthalmoparesis, also called ophthalmoplegia when complete, is weakness of the extraocular muscles causing diplopia and ptosis; causes span brain, cranial nerve, neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis), and muscle (thyroid eye disease, CPEO).
Palsy of conjugate gaze
Palsy of conjugate gaze (ICD-11 9C83.0, ICD-10 H51.0): both eyes cannot move together in one direction, usually horizontal from pontine stroke, vertical from midbrain lesions, Parinaud syndrome, or PSP.
Paresis of accommodation
Paresis of accommodation (ICD-11 9D01.1) is partial loss of lens-focusing power from ciliary muscle or parasympathetic pathway disruption, caused by CN III palsy, drugs, diphtheria, diabetes, or midbrain lesions.
Restrictive ophthalmopathy
Restrictive ophthalmopathy (拘束性眼症), ICD-11 9C82.3, is mechanical restriction of eye movement from stiff or fibrotic extraocular muscles, chiefly in thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), causing diplopia and limited elevation.
Skew deviation
Skew deviation, also called ocular tilt reaction component, is an acquired vertical eye misalignment from disrupted utriculo-ocular vestibular pathways, usually brainstem or cerebellar stroke or demyelination, mimicking fourth nerve palsy.
Spasm of accommodation
Spasm of accommodation (pseudomyopia, ciliary spasm, ICD-11 9D01.2) is excessive ciliary contraction causing sudden apparent myopia that resolves with cycloplegia; causes include close work, stress, and head trauma.
Spasm of conjugate gaze
Spasm of conjugate gaze (conjugate gaze spasm, CGS): sudden involuntary movement of both eyes in the same direction from extraocular muscle spasm; ICD-10-CM H51.0, ICD-11 9C83.1; includes oculogyric crisis.
Spasm of the near reflex
Spasm of the near reflex (SNR), also called convergence or accommodative spasm, is an intermittent triad of convergent strabismus, pseudomyopia, and miosis, first named by Cogan in 1955; mostly functional, treated with cycloplegics and fogging.
Spasmus nutans
Spasmus nutans, a rare benign infantile eye-movement disorder with the triad of asymmetric pendular nystagmus, head nodding, and torticollis; onset 4-12 months, spontaneous remission, but mimicked by optic pathway glioma.
Synergistic divergence
Synergistic divergence is a rare congenital ocular motility disorder in which the affected eye abducts further on attempted adduction, often classified as type 4 Duane syndrome.
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), painful ophthalmoplegia syndrome, is a rare granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus or orbital apex causing unilateral orbital pain and cranial nerve III, IV, or VI palsy, steroid-responsive, about one case per million yearly.
Upward gaze deviation
Upward gaze deviation (ICD-11 9C83.11) is a conjugate upward deviation of both eyes, seen as paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood, oculogyric crisis, or posthypoxic sustained upgaze in coma.
Vertical gaze palsy
Vertical gaze palsy (VGP), also called supranuclear vertical gaze palsy, is conjugate bilateral limitation of upgaze and/or downgaze from midbrain lesions involving the riMLF, INC, or posterior commissure; chronic cases are usually progressive supranuclear palsy, acute ones infarction.
Visual deprivation nystagmus
Visual deprivation nystagmus, also called amaurotic or ocular nystagmus, is involuntary eye movement caused by binocular visual loss, typically infantile cataract during the sensitive period; ICD-11 code 9C84.50.