1,527 articles
Developmental coordination disorder
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD, dyspraxia) is a neurodevelopmental motor disorder affecting about 5% of children, diagnosed by DSM-5 criteria, assessed with MABC-2/BOT-2, treated with task-oriented interventions, and lifelong in course.
Developmental delay-ataxia-hypotonia-facial dysmorphism syndrome
Developmental delay-ataxia-hypotonia-facial dysmorphism syndrome, better known as HADDS or EBF3 neurodevelopmental disorder, is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by EBF3 gene variants, marked by low muscle tone, ataxia, and speech delay.
Developmental disability
Developmental disability: group of conditions impairing physical, learning, language, or behavior areas beginning in childhood; also called developmental disorders. About 1 in 6 US children affected; includes ADHD, autism, cerebral palsy; shaped by DD Act, IDEA, ADA.
Developmental glaucoma
Developmental glaucoma, chiefly primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), is childhood glaucoma from abnormal trabecular meshwork and angle development causing elevated IOP; genes CYP1B1, LTBP2, TEK; treated surgically.
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy (diabetic amyotrophy, DLRPN, Bruns-Garland syndrome) is a rare diabetic neuropathy causing subacute proximal leg pain and weakness from nerve microvasculitis; immunotherapy lacks trial evidence.
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy, or diabetic neuropathies, is nerve damage caused by high blood glucose, affecting up to half of people with diabetes, most often in the feet and legs.
Diencephalic syndrome
Diencephalic syndrome (Russell syndrome, diencephalic cachexia): rare infantile disorder from hypothalamic or optic chiasm low-grade glioma causing severe emaciation with preserved linear growth, hyperactivity, and euphoria; under 200 reported cases.
Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia
Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD, ORPHA:319192) is a rare autosomal recessive brain malformation with a butterfly-shaped midbrain on MRI, caused by PCDH12 or GSX2 variants.
Diffuse brain injury
Diffuse brain injury (ICD-11 NA07.3), chiefly diffuse axonal injury (DAI), is widespread traumatic white-matter damage from rapid rotational acceleration-deceleration, graded Adams 1-3, common in severe TBI and worsening prognosis.
Diffuse hemispheric glioma-H3 G34-mutant
Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant, is a rare malignant brain tumor of the cerebral hemispheres, defined by H3 G34R/V histone mutations, affecting mainly adolescents and young adults.
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis (DLM), also called leptomeningeal melanomatosis when malignant, is a rare CNS tumor of leptomeningeal melanocytes diffusely infiltrating the pia and arachnoid, mostly in children with neurocutaneous melanosis, with poor prognosis once symptomatic.
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (DMG, formerly H3 K27M-mutant, largely DIPG), a CNS WHO grade 4 midline glioma defined by H3 K27me3 loss; dordaviprone became the first approved systemic therapy in 2025.
Diffuse orbital inflammation
Diffuse orbital inflammation (ICD-11 9A22.1), also called diffuse idiopathic orbital inflammation or orbital pseudotumor, is a noninfectious, non-neoplastic inflammatory condition diffusely involving orbital fat, diagnosed by exclusion and treated first with corticosteroids.
Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis
Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN), or unilateral wipe-out syndrome, is a unilateral chorioretinitis caused by a mobile subretinal nematode such as Toxocara canis or Baylisascaris procyonis, treated by laser photocoagulation or albendazole.
Disorder of equilibrium
Disorder of equilibrium (平衡障害), ICD-11 code MB48.1 under MB48 Dizziness or giddiness, chapter 21; maps to ICD-10-CM R42; clinically, disequilibrium is impaired confident ambulation, one of four dizziness types.
Disorder of the optic nerve
Disorder of the optic nerve (ICD-11 9C40) covers optic neuritis, ischemic, compressive, toxic, hereditary, and glaucomatous optic neuropathies; signs include field defects, dyschromatopsia, and afferent pupillary defect.
Disorders associated with tremor
Disorders associated with tremor (ICD-11 8A04) are conditions whose main sign is involuntary rhythmic oscillation of a body part, spanning essential tremor, parkinsonian rest tremor, enhanced physiological, cerebellar, dystonic, secondary, and functional tremor.
Disorders of accommodation
Disorders of accommodation (ICD-11 9D01) are abnormalities of the eye's lens-focusing mechanism: accommodative insufficiency, spasm, fatigue, infacility, and paresis, causing blurred or strained near vision in non-presbyopes.
Disorders of acoustic nerve
Disorders of acoustic nerve (ICD-11 AB72; ICD-10 H93.3), also acoustic nerve diseases or cranial nerve VIII disorders, are disorders of the vestibulocochlear nerve causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo; the leading cause is vestibular schwannoma.
Disorders of binocular movement
Disorders of binocular movement (ICD-11 9C83) are conditions in which the two eyes move abnormally or fail to align, including conjugate gaze palsy, convergence insufficiency, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and divergence anomalies, often causing diplopia and loss of stereopsis.
Disorders of extraocular muscles
Disorders of extraocular muscles (ICD-11 9C82) affect the six eye-moving muscles, causing paresis or restriction and diplopia. Thyroid eye disease is the most common cause; nonthyroid causes are inflammatory, vascular, and neoplastic.
Disorders of facial nerve
Disorders of facial nerve (ICD-11 8B88, 顔面神経障害) are diseases of cranial nerve VII, including Bell palsy, facial myokymia, hemifacial spasm, and facial neuritis; facial palsy is the most common cranial nerve disorder.
Disorders of lacrimal gland
Disorders of lacrimal gland (ICD-11 9A10) cover dacryoadenitis, Sjögren-related gland destruction, and epithelial or lymphoid tumors of the tear-producing gland in the superolateral orbit.
Disorders of refraction
Disorders of refraction, or refractive errors, are eye conditions where light fails to focus on the retina, causing blurred vision; the main types are myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.
Disorders of vestibular function
Disorders of vestibular function (ICD-11 AB34, formerly ICD-10 H81): inner-ear and brain disorders of the balance system causing vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance; includes BPPV, Menière's disease, vestibular migraine, and bilateral vestibulopathy.
Displacement of eyeball
Displacement of eyeball (眼球偏位), ICD-11 code 9A20 under Disorders of orbit, covers axial (proptosis, enophthalmos) and non-axial globe displacement; main adult cause is thyroid eye disease, measured by exophthalmometry or CT.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 2
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 2 (HMN2, HMND2) is an autosomal dominant motor neuron disorder, usually caused by HSPB1 or HSPB8 variants, causing progressive distal leg weakness with normal sensory conduction.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 5
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 5 (dHMN5, distal HMN V) is a rare autosomal dominant motor neuron disorder causing hand-muscle wasting, especially thenar and first dorsal interosseus, cold-induced hand cramps, and sometimes foot deformity; mainly caused by BSCL2 and GARS1 variants, allelic with CMT2D, with normal life expectancy.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 7
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 7 (dHMN7, distal spinal muscular atrophy with vocal cord paralysis) is a rare autosomal dominant motor neuropathy with hand (thenar) wasting, vocal cord paresis, and facial weakness; forms map to 2q14 (SLC5A7), DCTN1, and TRPV4.
Distal muscle weakness-foot deformity-elevated sorbitol level-hereditary motor neuropathy
SORD deficiency (ORPHA:700508, sorbitol dehydrogenase deficiency) is an autosomal recessive hereditary motor neuropathy caused by SORD gene variants, causing sorbitol accumulation, distal weakness, foot deformity, and potential aldose reductase inhibitor treatment.