1,527 articles
Auditory processing disorder
Auditory processing disorder, also called central auditory processing disorder, is a neurological disorder in which the brain has trouble processing sounds even though hearing sensitivity is normal.
Aura (symptom)
Aura (symptom): subjective symptoms at the start of an epileptic seizure, equivalent to a focal aware seizure in ILAE terms; distinguished from migraine aura, syncope, and panic disorder; term from Latin for breeze, dating to Galen.
Autoimmune encephalopathy with parasomnia and obstructive sleep apnea
Anti-IgLON5 disease, also called autoimmune encephalopathy with parasomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, is a rare autoimmune encephalitis with IgLON5 antibodies causing parasomnias, sleep apnea, bulbar dysfunction, and a secondary tauopathy.
Autoimmune inner ear disease
Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a rare immune-mediated disorder causing progressive, usually bilateral sensorineural hearing loss over weeks to months; first described by McCabe in 1979 and treated first with corticosteroids.
Autoimmune keratitis
Autoimmune keratitis (ICD-11 9A75) is immune-mediated corneal inflammation, chiefly peripheral ulcerative keratitis, linked to rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, SLE, and ANCA vasculitis; treated with systemic immunosuppression and surgery for perforation.
Autoimmune retinopathy
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR), including cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), and non-paraneoplastic npAIR, is a rare antibody-mediated retinal degeneration causing progressive painless vision loss, diagnosed by ERG changes, antiretinal antibodies, and exclusion of malignancy.
Autonomic nervous system hyperactivity
Autonomic nervous system hyperactivity (ICD-11 8D86) is excessive autonomic activity, chiefly paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after brain injury and autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury at or above T6.
Autonomic neuropathies
Autonomic neuropathies are peripheral nerve disorders with disproportionate damage to autonomic fibers, causing orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, neurogenic bladder, and sweating and sexual dysfunction; diabetes is the most common cause, diagnosed by autonomic reflex testing.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A1
CMT2A1 (ORPHA:99946, OMIM 118210) is a rare autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy linked to KIF1B, with childhood onset, leg-predominant weakness, and postural tremor; distinct from the common MFN2-related CMT2A2.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A2
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A2 (CMT2A2, OMIM 609260), an MFN2-related axonal neuropathy with childhood-onset distal weakness, areflexia, foot deformities, and severe disability, sometimes with optic atrophy and vocal cord palsy.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2B
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2B (CMT2B, OMIM 600882) is a rare axonal sensorimotor neuropathy caused by RAB7A missense mutations, with onset in the second or third decade, distal sensory loss, and ulcerating foot infections.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C
CMT2C (autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C, OMIM 606071) is a rare TRPV4-related axonal neuropathy with vocal cord paresis, hearing loss, and breathing muscle weakness; no cure, ABS-0871 in trials.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D
CMT2D (OMIM 601472, ORPHA 99938), also dSMA-V spectrum, is a rare autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy from GARS1 variants, causing slowly progressive distal weakness predominantly in the hands, with adolescent or adult onset.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E
CMT2E, also called CMT1F or CMTDIG when classified by nerve conduction, is an autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy caused by NEFL mutations, with distal weakness, pes cavus, onset from childhood to late adulthood.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2F
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2F (CMT2F, OMIM 606595) is a rare axonal hereditary neuropathy caused by HSPB1 (Hsp27) mutations, causing distal lower-limb weakness, variable sensory loss, and overlap with dHMN2.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2I
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2I (CMT2I, OMIM 607677) is a rare adult-onset axonal hereditary neuropathy caused by MPZ mutations, marked by severe sensory loss, distal leg weakness, and reduced reflexes.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2J
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2J (CMT2J) is an axonal variant of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, an inherited peripheral neuropathy, typically beginning in adulthood with hearing loss, pupillary abnormalities, and distal muscle weakness.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2K
CMT2K, autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2K, AD-CMTAx-GDAP1: a rare axonal peripheral neuropathy from dominant GDAP1 mutations (8q13.3), milder and later-onset than recessive GDAP1 disease, with very slow progression.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2L
CMT2L (ORPHA:99945, OMIM 608673) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by HSPB8 mutations at 12q24, onset 15-33 years, one family reported, allelic to dHMN2A.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2N
CMT2N (OMIM 613287), autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2N, a rare mild axonal neuropathy caused by heterozygous AARS1 variants on chromosome 16q22.1, with dominant-negative and hypermorphic mechanisms described.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2O
CMT2O, autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2O, is a rare axonal hereditary neuropathy caused by DYNC1H1 (14q32.31) His306Arg mutations, with childhood-onset distal lower limb weakness, pes cavus, and normal nerve conduction velocities.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q
CMT2Q (DHTKD1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, OMIM 615025) is a rare autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy from heterozygous DHTKD1 loss-of-function on 10p14, causing adolescent-to-adult distal limb weakness, pes cavus, and sensory loss.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2W
CMT2W, autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2W due to HARS1 mutation, is a rare axonal hereditary neuropathy with gait difficulties, distal sensory impairment, pes cavus, and variable childhood-to-adult onset.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Y
CMT2Y (autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Y, ORPHA 435387, OMIM 616687) is a rare axonal hereditary neuropathy from heterozygous VCP mutations on 9p13.3, causing distal weakness, atrophy, and sensory loss.
Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z
CMT2Z (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z, OMIM 616688) is a rare autosomal dominant axonal neuropathy caused by missense variants in MORC2, with p.R252W the most common mutation, lower-limb cramps, distal weakness, and pes cavus as typical features.
Autosomal dominant deafness-onychodystrophy syndrome
Autosomal dominant deafness-onychodystrophy syndrome (DDOD, OMIM 124480) is a rare ATP6V1B2-related disorder with congenital sensorineural deafness, onychodystrophy, and small or absent terminal phalanges, distinguished from recessive DOOR syndrome by absent intellectual disability.
Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia
Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia, also known as Segawa disease or DYT5a, is a genetic disorder causing childhood-onset dystonia that responds dramatically to low-dose levodopa and results from GCH1 gene mutations.
Autosomal dominant focal dystonia, DYT25 type
DYT25 (DYT-GNAL) is a rare autosomal dominant dystonia caused by heterozygous loss-of-function GNAL variants on 18p11.21, causing adult-onset isolated focal dystonia, typically cervical, with laryngeal and hand-forearm involvement, reduced penetrance, and benefit from botulinum toxin and GPi-DBS.
Autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia
Autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP, SPG4/SPAST, SPG3A/ATL1) is a group of inherited disorders causing progressive lower-limb spasticity from corticospinal tract axonal degeneration; prevalence 1-5 per 100,000, SPAST about 40% of cases, treatment symptomatic.
Autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type D
CMTDID (OMIM 607791, ORPHA:100046) is a rare autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by MPZ mutations, with intermediate nerve conduction velocities of 25-45 m/s and mixed axonal and demyelinating features.