10 articles
Azotemia
Azotemia: elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, a lab abnormality of kidney or extrarenal origin; classified as prerenal, intrinsic, or postrenal, and called uremia when symptomatic.
Basic metabolic panel
Basic metabolic panel (BMP), also called chem 7 or chemistry panel: an eight-part blood test measuring glucose, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, BUN, and creatinine to assess kidney function, electrolytes, and metabolism.
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test measuring urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein breakdown, used chiefly to check kidney function; normal values run about 6 to 20 mg/dL.
Creatinine
Creatinine: waste product of muscle breakdown filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine is the main marker for eGFR kidney-function estimation, measured by Jaffe or enzymatic assays, limited by muscle mass, diet, and assay interference.
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the rate of plasma filtration by the kidney glomeruli in mL/min/1.73 m², is measured by inulin, iothalamate, ⁵¹Cr-EDTA, or iohexol clearance, or estimated with CKD-EPI creatinine and cystatin C equations.
Kidney Function Tests
Kidney function tests (renal function tests) are blood and urine laboratory tests, including serum creatinine, cystatin C, eGFR, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, that evaluate how well the kidneys filter waste.
Microalbuminuria
Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion of 20–200 μg/min or 30–300 mg/24 h, below dipstick detection; term coined 1981 (Viberti, Parving, Svendsen), now replaced by KDIGO A2 moderately increased albuminuria (ACR 30–300 mg/g), a kidney and cardiovascular risk marker in diabetes.
Oliguria
Oliguria, also called low urine output, is urine production below 500 mL/24h or 0.5 mL/kg/hour. It is a KDIGO criterion for acute kidney injury staging, with prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes.
Uremia
Uremia (urémie): clinical syndrome of uremic toxin retention in blood from kidney failure, named 1847; symptoms include pericarditis and encephalopathy; treated by dialysis since Kolff's 1945 success.
Urinary cast
Urinary casts (casts in the urine) are tube-shaped particles formed from Tamm-Horsfall protein in kidney tubules, seen on urinalysis microscopy. Hyaline casts are normal; RBC casts indicate glomerulonephritis, granular casts acute tubular necrosis.