63 articles
Adiposis dolorosa
Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum disease, Dercum's disease) is a rare disorder of painful subcutaneous fat with multiple lipomas, mainly in overweight women aged 35-50; diagnosis is clinical and by exclusion.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury: rupture of the knee ligament preventing tibial forward slide. Over 200,000 US cases yearly, 70% noncontact, females 2-8x higher risk; surgery versus rehabilitation compared in KANON, COMPARE, and ACL SNNAP trials.
Atrophy
Atrophy is the wasting or decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or tissue; muscle atrophy comes in physiologic (disuse), pathologic, and neurogenic types, with disuse atrophy reversible through exercise.
Baker's cyst
Baker's cyst, also called a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled swelling behind the knee caused by excess joint fluid, often from arthritis or a meniscus tear.
Blast injury
Blast injury: trauma from explosion exposure, classified by DoD taxonomy into primary (overpressure), secondary (fragments), tertiary (displacement), quaternary, and quinary categories; blast lung is the most common fatal primary injury among survivors.
Blunt trauma
Blunt trauma, also called blunt force trauma, is injury from forceful impact without skin breach (falls, motor vehicle crashes, blows, blasts). It causes contusions, abrasions, lacerations, and fractures, and accounts for most serious traumatic injuries.
Calcific tendinitis
Calcific tendinitis (calcific tendinopathy, calcifying tendinitis): hydroxyapatite calcium deposits in rotator cuff tendons, usually self-limiting, peaking in the fifth decade, treated first conservatively; lavage benefit questioned by a 2023 sham-controlled trial.
Calcification
Calcification: calcium buildup that hardens body tissue, normal in bones and teeth, abnormal (ectopic) elsewhere. Classified as dystrophic, metastatic, or ossification; driven by cell-mediated mechanisms, inhibited by pyrophosphate.
Cenani-Lenz syndrome
Cenani-Lenz syndrome (Cenani-Lenz syndactyly, syndactyly type 7, OMIM 212780) is a rare autosomal recessive limb malformation disorder caused by LRP4 mutations, causing severe hand and foot synostoses, syndactyly, forearm defects, and renal anomalies.
Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain
Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain is an ICD-11 diagnosis (MG30.02, effective 2022) for chronic pain in muscles, bones, joints, or tendons, with emotional distress or disability and no other cause.
Chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain
Chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain (ICD-11 MG30.3) is chronic pain in bones, joints, muscles, or tendons caused by an underlying disease: persistent inflammation, structural changes, or neurological disease, unlike chronic primary pain.
Coccydynia
Coccydynia (coccygodynia) is tailbone pain, worsened by sitting, affecting women 3–5 times more than men; treated stepwise with cushions, NSAIDs, steroid injections, and rarely coccygectomy.
Contracture of joint
Contracture of joint is a joint's inability to move through its full passive range of motion, caused by structural changes in tissues around or inside the joint.
Contusion of abdominal wall
Contusion of abdominal wall (ICD-10 S30.11, ICD-11 NB50.3): blunt soft-tissue bruise of the abdominal wall muscles without significant internal injury, caused by direct force such as a fist, foot, or seatbelt; treated with ice, rest, and analgesics.
Crushing injury of ankle
Crushing injury of ankle is damage to soft tissues around the ankle joint from direct compression by an external force like a falling object, machinery, or collapsing debris.
Degenerative disc disease
Degenerative disc disease, also called discogenic disease or intervertebral disc degeneration, is painful breakdown of spinal discs; imaging degeneration is nearly universal with age, definitions vary, and treatment is mostly conservative.
Diastasis recti
Diastasis recti (diastasis recti abdominis, rectus diastasis) is a widening of the linea alba over 2 cm separating the rectus abdominis muscles, common in pregnancy; treated with exercise or fascial plication surgery.
Dislocated shoulder
Dislocated shoulder: the humeral head separates from the glenoid socket, anterior in over 95% of cases. Treated by closed reduction, sling, and rehabilitation; surgery lowers recurrence in young patients.
Dupuytren's contracture
Dupuytren's contracture: fibrotic thickening of palmar fascia bending fingers (ring, little) into the palm; no cure. Treatments are fasciectomy, needle fasciotomy, collagenase injection; surgery most durable, higher recurrence with needle techniques.
Elastofibroma dorsi
Elastofibroma dorsi (elastofibroma) is a benign, slow-growing fibroelastic soft-tissue tumor of the infrascapular chest wall, first described by Järvi and Saxén in 1961, common in elderly women, bilateral in about a third of cases, and treated conservatively unless symptomatic.
Electrical injury
Electrical injury, also called electric shock injury or electrocution, is tissue damage from current passing through the body, mainly thermal; severity depends on voltage, AC or DC type, pathway, duration, and skin resistance, with burns, arrhythmias, and rhabdomyolysis.
Familial articular hypermobility syndrome
Familial articular hypermobility syndrome (ORPHA:2295, OMIM 147900), also called familial joint instability syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disease causing generalized joint laxity, recurrent major-joint dislocations, and early degenerative changes, with absent skin abnormalities.
Fasciitis or fibromatosis
Fasciitis or fibromatosis (FB51.2) is an ICD-11 fibroblastic disorders code covering nodular fasciitis, also called pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis, a rare benign rapidly growing subcutaneous soft tissue tumor.
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia, also called fibromyalgia syndrome, is a chronic disorder of widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep problems, diagnosed clinically with no biomarker. It affects about 1.5–2% of people, mostly women; exercise is first-line, drugs give only small benefits.
Fibrosis
Fibrosis, or fibrotic scarring, is the excessive buildup of scar tissue in organs such as the lung, liver, heart, and kidney after chronic injury, impairing function.
Flexion deformity
Flexion deformity, also called flexion contracture (ICD-11 FA31.2, ICD-10 M21.2), is a bent joint that cannot be straightened actively or passibly due to structural changes in muscle, tendon, ligament, or skin; common in knee osteoarthritis, neuromuscular disease, and brachial plexus birth injury, treated by stretching, bracing, casting, or surgery.
Genu valgum
Genu valgum (knock knees): inward angulation at the knee. Physiologic between ages 3-6, pathologic if persistent after 7; causes include rickets, dysplasias, trauma; treated by observation or guided growth.
Genu varum
Genu varum, or bowlegs, is an outward knee bowing. Usually a physiologic childhood variant resolving by age 2-3; pathologic forms, chiefly Blount disease, rickets, and dysplasias, need guided growth or osteotomy.
Gwendolyn Sowa
Gwendolyn Sowa is an American physician-scientist who chairs physical medicine and rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh, directs the UPMC Rehabilitation Institute, and was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2022.
Hip pain
Hip pain: pain in or around the hip joint, also called coxalgia. Causes range from fracture, bursitis, and tendonitis to osteoarthritis; groin pain suggests joint disease, outer hip pain soft tissue.