455 articles
Cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir anhydrous (HPMPC, UNII 768M1V522C) is an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide antiviral, C8H14N3O6P, MW 279.19, marketed as Vistide; FDA-approved June 1996 for CMV retinitis in AIDS, dosed IV every other week with probenecid, dose-limited by nephrotoxicity.
Cinoxacin
Cinoxacin (Cinobac) is a first-generation quinolone antibiotic, C12H10N2O5, related to nalidixic acid, used for urinary tract infections; FDA-approved 1980, DNA gyrase inhibitor, now discontinued.
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Ciproxin, Cetraxal) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved by Bayer in 1987, inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, reserved for infections lacking alternatives due to tendon, nerve, and aortic risks.
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin (Biaxin, A-56268, TE-031), a semisynthetic 14-membered macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin by Taisho Pharmaceutical, approved in the US in 1991; binds the 50S ribosomal subunit, dosed twice daily, strong CYP3A4 inhibitor with QT-prolongation risk.
Clavulanic acid
Clavulanic acid, from Streptomyces clavuligerus, is a β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor with weak antibacterial activity, used with amoxicillin (Augmentin) and ticarcillin (Timentin) against class A β-lactamase producers.
Clevudine
Clevudine (L-FMAU; brands Levovir, Revovir) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue inhibiting HBV reverse transcriptase, approved in South Korea in 2006, notable for prolonged post-treatment suppression but limited by mitochondrial myopathy and resistance versus entecavir.
Clindamycin
Clindamycin, sold as Cleocin and Dalacin, is a lincosamide antibiotic derived from lincomycin, used since 1970 for serious anaerobic and Gram-positive infections and topically for acne.
Clioquinol
Clioquinol (iodochlorhydroxyquin) is an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative with antibacterial and anticandidal activity, used in topical skin preparations, best known for the SMON epidemic in Japan and later Alzheimer's disease research.
Clofazimine
Clofazimine is a lipophilic riminophenazine antibiotic drug, first synthesized in Ireland in 1954, best known as one of three drugs in WHO multidrug therapy for leprosy and later repurposed for drug-resistant tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole (Canesten, Lotrimin) is a topical imidazole antifungal introduced by Bayer in 1969; it inhibits fungal CYP51/ergosterol synthesis and treats skin, oral, vaginal, and ear fungal infections, being less effective than fluconazole for oral candidiasis.
Coblopasvir hydrochloride
Coblopasvir hydrochloride (盐酸可洛派韦, brand name Kailiwei) is a Chinese-developed NS5A inhibitor, approved in February 2020 and taken once daily with sofosbuvir for 12 weeks to treat chronic hepatitis C.
Colistin
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is a polymyxin antibiotic used as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, returning to systemic use by the mid-1990s after decades of abandonment over toxicity.
Combined antiretroviral therapy
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), also called ART or formerly HAART, is the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs together to suppress HIV, cutting death rates by 50 to 80%.
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19 drug treatment covers antivirals (Paxlovid, remdesivir, molnupiravir), dexamethasone and tocilizumab for severe disease, monoclonal antibodies, and disproven drugs like hydroxychloroquine, with treatment started within 5-7 days of symptoms.
Crotamiton
Crotamiton (Eurax, Crotan) is a topical 10% cream or lotion scabicidal and antipruritic drug for scabies and itching; mechanism unknown, less effective than permethrin, favored in infants for low toxicity.
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin (ciclacillin, Wy-4508, Cyclapen-W) is a discontinued semisynthetic penicillin, a cyclohexylamido analog of penicillanic acid, FDA-approved in 1979, with faster and higher absorption than ampicillin and lower diarrhea rates than amoxicillin.
Daclatasvir
Daclatasvir (Daklinza) is a first-in-class Bristol-Myers Squibb NS5A inhibitor for chronic hepatitis C, used with sofosbuvir; EU approval 2014, withdrawn 2019 commercially, now generic via the Medicines Patent Pool in 112 countries.
Dalbavancin
Dalbavancin, marketed as Dalvance and Xydalba, is a long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotic for acute bacterial skin infections, including MRSA, given as one or two weekly infusions.
Dalfopristin
Dalfopristin, a semi-synthetic streptogramin A antibiotic derived from pristinamycin IIA, forms the 70:30 intravenous combination Synercid with quinupristin; FDA-approved in 1999 for vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and later discontinued in the US.
Danoprevir
Danoprevir (ITMN-191, R7227, RG7227) is an oral macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor approved in China in 2018; ritonavir-boosted danoprevir with interferon and ribavirin reached 97.1% SVR12 in Chinese genotype 1 patients.
Dapaconazole
Dapaconazole, sold as Zilt, is an imidazole antifungal developed by Brazil's Biolab as a 2% topical cream for dermatophyte infections, reaching Phase 3 trials and performing non-inferior to ketoconazole and miconazole.
Dapivirine
Dapivirine (DPV-VR, dapivirine vaginal ring 25 mg): an NNRTI antiretroviral delivered by a monthly silicone vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women; EMA Article 58 opinion 2020, WHO prequalified and recommended 2021, ~27–31% efficacy in phase 3 trials.
Dapsone
Dapsone (DDS, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is a sulfone antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug, first-line with rifampicin and clofazimine in WHO leprosy multidrug therapy and used topically for acne.
Das-181
DAS181 (Fludase, oplunofusp) is an inhaled recombinant sialidase fusion protein from Ansun BioPharma that cleaves host sialic acid receptors to block influenza and parainfluenza entry; in phase 3 development for parainfluenza in immunocompromised patients.
Dasabuvir
Dasabuvir (ABT-333, Exviera) is a non-nucleoside HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor used with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (Viekira Pak) for genotype 1 hepatitis C; EU authorization withdrawn September 2024.
Delafloxacin
Delafloxacin (Baxdela, ABT-492, RX-3341) is an anionic fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved by the FDA in June 2017 for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, non-inferior to vancomycin plus aztreonam, with IV and oral formulations.
Delamanid
Delamanid (Deltyba), Otsuka's nitroimidazole antibiotic for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; EMA-authorized 2014, WHO Group C medicine, QT-prolonging, now in the 6-month BDLLfxC regimen.
Delavirdine
Delavirdine (DLV, Rescriptor) is a bisheteroarylpiperazine NNRTI for HIV-1, approved by the FDA on April 4, 1997 as the second NNRTI after nevirapine; dosed 400 mg three times daily, limited by rash and rapid K103N resistance, now discontinued.
Deleobuvir
Deleobuvir (BI 207127) is an oral nonnucleoside inhibitor of HCV NS5B RNA polymerase binding thumb-pocket 1. It reached phase 3 HCVerso trials with faldaprevir and ribavirin before Boehringer Ingelheim discontinued development.
Dequalinium
Dequalinium (dequalinium chloride, Dequadin, Fluomizin) is a bis-quaternary ammonium topical antiseptic used since the 1950s in sore-throat lozenges and, as 10 mg vaginal tablets, for bacterial vaginosis.