81 articles
Ibogaine
Ibogaine, a psychoactive indole alkaloid from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga (Bwiti sacrament), is an experimental anti-addiction drug that interrupts opioid withdrawal but causes QTc prolongation, arrhythmias, and deaths; it remains US Schedule I with no completed controlled trial.
Imipramine
Imipramine (Tofranil), the first tricyclic antidepressant, discovered by Roland Kuhn at Münsterlingen from Geigy compound G22355; FDA approved 1959; inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake; used for depression and childhood enuresis.
Indalpine
Indalpine (LM 5008, Upstene) was the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor released into clinical use (1978), an indole-piperidine antidepressant marketed in France from 1983 and withdrawn in 1985 after agranulocytosis cases.
Iprindole
Iprindole (ATC N06AA13) is a tricyclic antidepressant, an indole with an eight-membered saturated third ring, approved in Great Britain in 1967; it weakly inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin uptake, has weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects, and does not block REM sleep.
Isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid (Marplan) is an irreversible, non-selective hydrazine MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitor antidepressant marketed in 1959, dosed orally 10–60 mg daily, used for treatment-resistant depression with tyramine diet restrictions.
Jieyu Chufan capsules
Jieyu Chufan capsules (解郁除烦胶囊) are a class 1.1 innovative Chinese patent medicine by Yiling Pharmaceutical, approved December 2021 for mild-to-moderate depression of the qi-stagnation phlegm-obstruction, depressed-fire pattern, derived from Banxia Houpo and Zhizi Houpo formulas.
Levomilnacipran
Levomilnacipran (Fetzima), the L-isomer of milnacipran, is a once-daily SNRI antidepressant approved by the FDA in July 2013 for major depressive disorder; NNT 9 for response, notable blood pressure and heart rate increases.
List of antidepressants
List of antidepressants: drug classes from MAOIs (iproniazid, 1958) and TCAs (imipramine) through SSRIs (fluoxetine/Prozac), SNRIs (venlafaxine), NDRIs (bupropion), and glutamatergic agents (esketamine), with approval dates, trade names, and mechanisms.
Lithium (medication)
Lithium (lithium carbonate/citrate), first-line mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder maintenance; serum target 0.6–0.8 mEq/L, toxicity from ~1.2–1.5 mEq/L, reduces suicide risk, causes hypothyroidism and CKD, underused in North America.
Lithium therapy
Lithium therapy is medical treatment with lithium salts, principally lithium carbonate, used as a first-line long-term mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder and as an augmenting agent in depression.
Lofepramine
Lofepramine (Gamanil) is a tricyclic antidepressant, an imipramine analogue metabolized to desipramine, ATC N06AA07, with efficacy comparable to other TCAs, fewer anticholinergic side effects, and relative safety in overdose.
Mebanazine
Mebanazine (Actomol) is a withdrawn hydrazine-class monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant used in the 1960s for depression; formula C8H12N2, classified most-DILI-concern and excreted largely unchanged in rats.
Medifoxamine
Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl) was an atypical antidepressant with dopaminergic and serotoninergic action, ATC N06AX13, marketed mainly in France and withdrawn in 1999 after hepatitis cases.
Melitracen
Melitracen, a tricyclic antidepressant (C21H25N, ATC N06AA14) with anxiolytic properties, used for depression and best known in the flupentixol-melitracen combination Deanxit, studied in functional dyspepsia and refractory GERD.
Mianserin
Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant synthesized in 1966 by Organon in the Netherlands, used for depression and anxiety-related depression, and never approved by the FDA.
Minaprine
Minaprine (Cantor) was an aminopyridazine antidepressant acting on serotonergic and dopaminergic transmission, launched 1972 and withdrawn from the French market in 1995 after poison-center data linked its 100 mg tablets to seizures in overdose.
Mirtazapine
Mirtazapine (Remeron) is a tetracyclic NaSSA antidepressant approved in the U.S. in 1996; it blocks α2, 5-HT2/5-HT3, and H1 receptors, causing sedation and weight gain, with faster onset than SSRIs.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are antidepressants blocking MAO-A/MAO-B, raising serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Pioneered by iproniazid in the 1950s; known for the tyramine 'cheese reaction' and use in treatment-resistant depression.
Navacaprant
Navacaprant (NMRA-140, formerly BTRX-335140) is an oral, highly selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist developed by Neumora as an MDD monotherapy; its Phase 3 KOASTAL program failed and development was discontinued in 2026.
Nitroxazepine
Nitroxazepine (Sintamil) is an Indian tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant acting as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, developed by Hindustan Ciba-Geigy before 1972 and marketed in India since 1982.
Nomifensine
Nomifensine, sold as Merital and Alival, was a tetrahydroisoquinoline antidepressant that inhibited dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake until its 1986 withdrawal over fatal immune hemolytic anemia.
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI): antidepressant class blocking NET and DAT without serotonergic activity; bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) is the principal drug, FDA-approved 1989 for depression and 1997 for smoking cessation.
Nortriptyline
Nortriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant and the principal active metabolite of amitriptyline (ATC N06AA10), treats depression, aids smoking cessation, and is used for neuropathic pain; metabolized by CYP2D6 with cardiac arrhythmia risk.
Opipramol
Opipramol (Insidon) is an atypical tricyclic anxiolytic-antidepressant developed in the 1960s, acting via sigma receptors without serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition; approved in Germany for somatoform disorders and generalized anxiety disorder, not marketed in the US.
Paroxetine
Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat) is an SSRI antidepressant first FDA-approved December 29, 1992 for depression, later for OCD, panic, social anxiety, GAD, and PTSD in adults; a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor with notable discontinuation and pregnancy cardiac-anomaly concerns.
Phenelzine
Phenelzine (Nardil) is an irreversible, nonselective MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitor antidepressant, a hydrazine derivative available since 1960, used mainly for atypical depression, with tyramine dietary restrictions and hypertensive crisis risk.
Phenoxypropazine
Phenoxypropazine (fenoxypropazine, Drazine) is a hydrazine-class, non-selective irreversible MAOI antidepressant marketed by Smith & Nephew from 1961 and withdrawn in 1966 for hepatotoxicity.
Protriptyline
Protriptyline (Vivactil) is an activating, non-sedating tricyclic antidepressant, FDA-approved in 1967 for mental depression, notable for cardiac risk, dangerous overdose, and 5 or 10 mg tablets.
Psilocin
Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the active metabolite of psilocybin, isolated from Psilocybe mexicana by Hofmann in 1958; a 5-HT2A agonist causing psychedelic effects.
Psilocybin
Psilocybin, also known as psilocin phosphate ester, is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by certain mushrooms that the body converts to psilocin, an investigational treatment for depression.