20 articles
Acefylline
Acefylline (acephylline, acepifylline), an N-7-substituted theophylline xanthine bronchodilator (C9H10N4O4, CAS 652-37-9) for asthma and bronchitis; European Pharmacopoeia-listed, no separate FDA approval, efficacy questioned since 1978.
AYUSH-A
AYUSH-A is a coded Ayurvedic formulation developed by CCRAS, India's Ayurveda research council, for bronchial asthma (Tamaka Shwasa); evaluated in randomized placebo controlled trials with AIIMS New Delhi and at three regional institutes, it remains in CCRAS's drug development pipeline.
Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray
Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray (苯环喹溴铵鼻喷雾剂, brand Biliting) is Yingu Pharmaceutical's class 1 Chinese new drug, a selective M1/M3 anticholinergic spray approved in March 2020 for allergic rhinitis nasal symptoms, with a 2025 common-cold indication added.
Bitolterol
Bitolterol (Tornalate, bitolterol mesylate) is a discontinued inhaled beta-2 agonist bronchodilator prodrug of colterol for asthma and COPD, FDA-approved 1984 and withdrawn in 2001.
Ciclesonide
Ciclesonide (Alvesco, Omnaris, Zetonna) is a prodrug corticosteroid inhaled for asthma and sprayed nasally for allergic rhinitis; activated by airway esterases to des-CIC, with low oral bioavailability and comparatively few systemic adverse effects.
Doxofylline
Doxofylline, a xanthine bronchodilator introduced in 1987 as a theophylline alternative, treats asthma and COPD with bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity, a wider therapeutic window, no plasma monitoring, and weak PDE2A/A2A effects only.
Dyphylline
Dyphylline (diprophylline, dihydroxypropyltheophylline; brands Lufyllin, Dilor, Neothylline) is a theophylline-derivative xanthine bronchodilator for asthma and COPD, excreted unchanged by the kidneys, FDA-approved 1951 and later discontinued in the US.
Fevipiprant
Fevipiprant (QAW039, NVP-QAW039) is an oral Novartis DP2/CRTh2 receptor antagonist developed for eosinophilic asthma; phase 2 trials cut sputum eosinophils, but phase 3 LUSTER and ZEAL trials missed primary endpoints and development was discontinued.
Fiboflapon
Fiboflapon (GSK2190915, formerly AM803) is an investigational oral 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor developed for asthma; it suppresses leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes, half-life 16-34 h, not approved.
Fluticasone furoate
Fluticasone furoate (FF) is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid, a stable ester of fluticasone propionate, used once daily for asthma (Arnuity, Breo/Relvar Ellipta) and allergic rhinitis (Avamys), with very low systemic bioavailability.
Isoetharine
Isoetharine (etyprenaline; Bronkosol, Bronkometer) is a discontinued, relatively selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist catecholamine bronchodilator for asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, developed in 1934 at Hoechst and withdrawn from US marketing for non-safety reasons.
Levosalbutamol
Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol, Xopenex) is the active (R)-enantiomer of salbutamol, a short-acting beta2 agonist bronchodilator approved in 1999; meta-analyses show no consistent clinical superiority over racemic salbutamol in acute asthma.
Oglemilast
Oglemilast (GRC 3886) is Glenmark's oral PDE4 inhibitor for asthma and COPD, out-licensed to Forest Labs ($190M deal) and Teijin Pharma ($53M), terminated after a failed Phase IIb COPD trial in 2009.
Pirbuterol
Pirbuterol (Maxair, CP-24314-1) is a short-acting beta2-agonist bronchodilator with a pyridine ring replacing salbutamol's benzene ring; FDA-approved 1986 as a 200-microgram metered-dose inhaler, later discontinued.
Pranlukast
Pranlukast (Onon, ONO-1078, SB 205312) is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist blocking CysLT1; the first LTRA marketed (Japan, 1995), used mainly in Japan for asthma and allergic rhinitis, dose 225 mg twice daily.
Procaterol
Procaterol (Meptin) is a selective short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist bronchodilator for asthma and COPD, synthesized by Otsuka in 1973, given orally (50-100 mcg twice daily) or inhaled (20 mcg), with a 4.2-hour half-life.
Rosiptor
Rosiptor (AQX-1125) is an investigational oral drug that activates the enzyme SHIP1, developed by Aquinox Pharmaceuticals and discontinued after phase 2 and 3 trials failed.
Seratrodast
Seratrodast (brand name Bronica) is an oral thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist developed as an anti-asthmatic drug, marketed in Japan since 1995 and known for hepatotoxicity risk.
Timapiprant
Timapiprant (OC000459) is an oral indole-acetic acid CRTH2/DP2 antagonist blocking PGD2-driven Th2 and eosinophil activation, trialed for eosinophilic asthma and allergic rhinitis with mixed results.
Zafirlukast
Zafirlukast (Accolate) is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist for chronic asthma prophylaxis in patients 5 years and older; FDA approved 1996, dosed 20 mg twice daily, with hepatotoxicity and warfarin interaction warnings.