864 articles
Opioid epidemic in the United States
Opioid epidemic in the United States: a public health crisis since the mid-1990s in three waves (prescription opioids, heroin, illicit fentanyl), causing about 806,000 opioid overdose deaths 1999-2023, peaking near 110,000 total overdose deaths in 2022, then falling 27% in 2024.
Opioid overdose
Opioid overdose: life-threatening respiratory depression from opioids (fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone, methadone), marked by pinpoint pupils, unconsciousness, and slowed breathing; reversible with naloxone. Covers mechanism, risk factors, naloxone, mortality trends, and prevention.
Opioid use disorder
Opioid use disorder (OUD), also called opioid addiction, is a chronic treatable condition defined by DSM-5 criteria: at least 2 of 11 within 12 months. Treated with buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone; about 5.7 million US cases in 2023.
Opioid-induced delirium
Opioid-induced delirium (ICD-11 6C43.5) is acute disturbed attention and awareness during opioid intoxication, withdrawal, or use; risk is dose-dependent, highest with meperidine and methadone, managed by dose reduction or opioid rotation.
Opioid-induced mood disorder
Opioid-induced mood disorder (ICD-11 6C43.70) is mood symptoms, depressive, manic, or mixed, arising during or soon after opioid intoxication or withdrawal, distinguished from primary mood disorders by timing and course.
Opioid-induced psychotic disorder
Opioid-induced psychotic disorder (ICD-11 6C43.6; ICD-10-CM F11x50/51/59) is psychosis during or soon after opioid intoxication or withdrawal, rare with μ-agonists, mostly reported after abrupt opioid cessation.
Oppositional defiant disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), also called oppositional disorder, is a childhood behavior disorder of angry, argumentative, defiant, and vindictive behavior toward authority figures lasting at least 6 months, treated mainly with parent management training and CBT.
Orgasmic dysfunctions
Orgasmic dysfunctions (ICD-11 HA02, orgasmic dysfunction) are WHO-classified sexual dysfunctions of the subjective orgasm experience, chiefly anorgasmia (HA02.0) with lifelong/acquired and generalised/situational subtypes, plus hypohedonic orgasm, postorgasmic illness syndrome, and painful orgasm under HA02.Y.
Orna Guralnik
Orna Guralnik (born 1964) is an Israeli-American clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst in New York, NYU PostDoc faculty member, and star of Showtime's documentary series Couples Therapy since 2019.
Orthorexia nervosa
Orthorexia nervosa (ON), coined by Steven Bratman in 1997, is a proposed disorder of obsessive healthy eating, not in DSM-5 or ICD-11, with prevalence estimates from 1% to 90% and no validated clinical diagnostic tool.
Other specified feeding or eating disorder
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), formerly EDNOS, is a DSM-5 diagnosis for eating disorders that fall short of full criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or binge-eating disorder.
Otrovert
Otrovert, a term coined by psychiatrist Rami Kaminski in The Gift of Not Belonging, describes people who feel like outsiders in any group despite being popular and socially comfortable one-on-one; it is not a peer-reviewed personality category.
Overvalued ideas
Overvalued ideas (Ueberwertige Idee), coined by Carl Wernicke in 1892, are ego-syntonic, emotionally amplified beliefs dominating behavior, less intense than delusions; ICD-11 code MB26.6, linked to anorexia, BDD, OCD, and forensic threat assessment.
Pain reprocessing therapy
Pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is a psychological treatment for primary chronic pain that helps patients reattribute pain to nondangerous brain activity rather than tissue injury.
Painkiller (TV series)
Painkiller is a 2023 Netflix six-episode limited drama series about the opioid crisis and Purdue Pharma's OxyContin, created by Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster, directed by Peter Berg, starring Matthew Broderick, Uzo Aduba, and Taylor Kitsch, based on Barry Meier's book and Patrick Radden Keefe's New Yorker article; distinct from the Paramount+ docuseries Painkiller: The Tylenol Murders.
PANDAS
PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections), a 1998 NIMH-described subtype of PANS, is sudden-onset childhood OCD or tics temporally linked to Group A strep infection; diagnosis is clinical, treatment is CBT, SSRIs, and antibiotics for confirmed strep.
Panic attack
Panic attack: a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort with physical symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and nausea, peaking within 10 to 20 minutes. Also called anxiety attack; distinct from panic disorder, which requires recurrent unexpected attacks plus a month of worry or avoidance.
Panic disorder
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder of recurrent unexpected panic attacks with physical symptoms like palpitations and chest pain. Prevalence 2.7% past year in U.S. adults; treated with CBT or antidepressants, mainly SSRIs.
Paradoxical intention
Paradoxical intention (PI), a logotherapy technique developed by Viktor Frankl, treats anticipatory anxiety by having patients intend what they fear; adapted by Ascher and Efran for insomnia, patients try to stay awake, reducing sleep performance anxiety.
Paranoia
Paranoia is persecutory ideation, the belief of intentional harm from others, spanning subclinical mistrust to persecutory delusions; 10-15% of people have paranoid thoughts, and experimental paradigms induce it with a medium effect (g = 0.51).
Paranoid ideation
Paranoid ideation (ICD-11 MB26.7) is suspiciousness or beliefs of being persecuted or unfairly treated, held below delusional intensity; distinct from persecutory delusion, common in the general population, and measured by the R-GPTS.
Paranoid personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD), ICD-10 F60.0, a Cluster A personality disorder of pervasive unwarranted distrust and suspicion without delusions or hallucinations; prevalence about 3.2%, treated with CBT, no proved effective treatment.
Paraphilia
Paraphilia: intense, persistent atypical sexual interest; a paraphilic disorder only when distressing, impairing, or harmful. DSM-5/ICD-11 distinction, history from Krafft-Ebing, critiques, and treatment.
Paraphilic disorder
Paraphilic disorder: DSM-5/ICD-11 diagnosis in which an atypical sexual interest (paraphilia) causes distress, impairment, or harm to nonconsenting others; eight specific types, forensic use, and treatment.
Parent training
Parent training is a behavioral intervention in which a therapist teaches parents skills for managing children's behavior, making the parent the primary agent of change.
Parent–child interaction therapy
Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a behavioral parent-training treatment for children aged 2 to 7 with disruptive behavior, in which therapists coach caregivers in real time through an earpiece.
Parentification
Parentification, also called adultification or parent-child role reversal, is a family dynamic in which a child takes on developmentally inappropriate parental duties. Emotional parentification is linked to depressive symptoms; instrumental forms show weaker effects.
Partial dissociative identity disorder
Partial dissociative identity disorder (ICD-11 6B65) is a dissociative disorder with multiple personality states in which non-dominant states intrude on a dominant state without recurrently taking executive control; introduced in ICD-11, absent from DSM-5.
Party and play
Party and play (PnP), also called chemsex, is drug use to facilitate or intensify sex, mainly among gay and bisexual men; typical drugs are methamphetamine, GHB/GBL, and mephedrone, with slamsex injecting raising HIV and hepatitis C risk.
Paruresis
Paruresis, also known as shy bladder syndrome or pee shyness, is the inability to urinate when others are present, usually manageable only when alone at home.