864 articles
Chronic motor tic disorder
Chronic motor tic disorder (ICD-11 8A05.01; DSM-5 persistent/chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, 307.22) is a tic disorder with motor tics lasting at least one year, without vocal tics, distinguishing it from Tourette syndrome.
Circumstantiality
Circumstantiality, also called circumstantial thinking, is circuitous speech with excessive irrelevant detail that eventually returns to the point; a formal thought disorder sign seen in schizophrenia, mania, dementia, and sometimes healthy speech.
Classification of mental disorders
Classification of mental disorders: organizing mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental conditions into diagnostic categories via ICD-11 (WHO, effective 2022) and DSM-5-TR (APA, 2022), with dimensional alternatives RDoC and HiTOP.
Classification of personality disorders
Classification of personality disorders: how DSM and ICD categorize personality pathology. DSM-5-TR keeps 10 categorical disorders in three clusters; ICD-11 (2022) uses severity plus five trait domains.
Claustrophobia
Claustrophobia: persistent irrational fear of enclosed or confined spaces, a situational specific phobia. Also suffocation-restriction two-factor model; affects about 10% of UK people lifetime; treated with CBT and exposure therapy.
Clinical lycanthropy
Clinical lycanthropy is a rare delusional syndrome of believing one turns into a wolf, a wolf-specific form of zoanthropy; about 43 cases reported 1852–2020, mainly within schizophrenia, psychotic depression, and bipolar disorder.
Clinical psychology review
Clinical Psychology Review (Clin Psychol Rev, ISSN 0272-7358) is an Elsevier review journal founded in 1981, publishing syntheses of clinical psychology research; 2025 impact factor about 11.2, ranked second in its category.
Clothing fetish
Clothing fetish: sexual arousal centered on garments, fabrics, or footwear rather than the body. A paraphilia described since the 19th century; diagnosable as fetishistic disorder only with distress or impairment, and removed from ICD-11 (2022).
Club drug
Club drugs, also called party drugs, are psychoactive substances used at nightclubs, raves, and parties, chiefly MDMA, GHB, ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, and LSD, with risks including overdose and drink-spiking assault.
CNTNAP2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
CNTNAP2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (CASPR2-deficiency disorder; formerly Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome-1, OMIM 610042) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with intellectual disability, speech impairment, and early-onset epilepsy with regression.
CO-MED trial
CO-MED (Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes) trial: 2011 NIMH-funded, single-blind randomized study of 665 outpatients with chronic or recurrent major depression; two antidepressant combinations (bupropion-escitalopram, venlafaxine-mirtazapine) showed no remission advantage over escitalopram monotherapy.
Cocaine dependence
Cocaine dependence, now diagnosed as cocaine use disorder (CUD), is compulsive cocaine use with impaired control and craving. No approved medications exist; contingency management is the best-supported treatment.
Cocaine intoxication
Cocaine intoxication: acute toxic state from the coca-derived stimulant cocaine (crack), causing euphoria, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiac complications; treated supportively with benzodiazepines, cooling, and sodium bicarbonate.
Cocaine withdrawal
Cocaine withdrawal (ICD-11 6C45.4) is the symptom cluster after stopping or reducing cocaine in dependent or heavy users: dysphoria, fatigue, sleep disturbance, increased appetite, and craving, peaking in 2 to 4 days, usually not life-threatening, with no approved medication.
Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder
Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder (ICD-11 6C45.71; ICD-10-CM F14.280) is a substance-induced anxiety disorder with symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, exceeding intoxication/withdrawal anxiety and not better explained by a primary anxiety disorder.
Cocaine-induced delirium
Cocaine-induced delirium, ICD-11 code 6C45.5, is an acute disturbance of attention and awareness developing during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. Covers diagnostic criteria, ICD-10 crosswalk codes, differential diagnosis, and the disputed related term excited delirium.
Cocaine-induced mood disorder
Cocaine-induced mood disorder (ICD-11 6C45.70) is a substance-induced psychiatric diagnosis with depressive, manic, or mixed mood symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, distinct from independent depression.
Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (ICD-11 6C45.6, CIPD): psychosis with delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized behavior arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, linked to dopamine transporter blockade, with about 25% of substance-induced psychoses transitioning to schizophrenia.
Cognitive analytic therapy
Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy combining cognitive therapy with exploration of relational patterns, delivered in 8, 16, or 24 weekly sessions.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Beck's structured psychotherapy; includes cognitive therapy and third-wave variants. Time-limited, 5-20 sessions; g=0.79 for depression, comparable to antidepressants with lower relapse.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a structured psychotherapy using stimulus control and sleep restriction, recommended by major guidelines as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), also called cognitive behavioral therapy, is a psychotherapy merging behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy; it uses cognitive restructuring, has strong evidence for anxiety disorders, and has a dedicated journal literature since 1971.
Cognitive distortion
Cognitive distortion: negatively biased, irrational thinking pattern central to Beck's cognitive therapy and CBT; includes all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, mind reading; treated via cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive functional therapy
Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) is a person-centered behavioral treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain, targeting the thoughts, emotions, and movement behaviors that keep pain and disability going.
Cognitive processing therapy
Cognitive processing therapy is a structured psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that combines cognitive restructuring with written assignments, introduced by Patricia Resick and Monica Schnicke in 1992.
Cognitive remediation
Cognitive remediation is a behavioral therapy using repeated cognitive exercises and strategy training to improve attention, memory, and executive functioning, aiming to improve daily functioning in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.
Cognitive restructuring
Cognitive restructuring is a set of psychotherapy techniques, central to cognitive behavioral therapy, that identifies and corrects inaccurate beliefs maintaining distress, used for depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and OCD.
Cognitive stimulation therapy
Cognitive stimulation therapy is a structured group treatment in which people with mild to moderate dementia take part in themed activities to improve cognition and quality of life.
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a structured, present-oriented psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, based on the cognitive model; a 1977 trial first showed it more efficacious than medication for depression.
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) is a secular, module-based program developed by Geshe Lobsang Negi at Emory University in 2003–2004, adapting Tibetan Buddhist lojong mind-training to cultivate compassion.