864 articles
Derealization
Derealization is the feeling that one's surroundings are unreal, dreamlike, or detached, with intact reality testing; classified with depersonalization as depersonalization/derealization disorder (DPDR), a dissociative disorder affecting about 1 to 2% of people, usually beginning in adolescence, and treated mainly with psychotherapy.
Dermatophagia (φαγεία)
Dermatophagia (φαγεία), also called dermatodaxia or wolf-biting, is a compulsive body-focused repetitive behavior of biting one's own skin, usually around the fingers, classified under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and treated with habit reversal therapy.
Desensitization (psychology)
Desensitization (systematic desensitization) is Joseph Wolpe's behavior therapy for phobias and anxiety, pairing graded exposure to a feared hierarchy with relaxation via reciprocal inhibition; now largely subsumed under exposure therapy.
Designer drug
A designer drug is a synthetic psychoactive substance made by slightly modifying a controlled drug so it mimics the original's effects while evading existing legal controls.
Detransition
Detransition: stopping or reversing a gender transition, medical or social. Reported rates range from about 1% surgical regret to 0-9.8% after hormones; definitions and measurement vary widely.
Developmental speech or language disorders
Developmental speech or language disorders (ICD-11 6A01) are neurodevelopmental conditions with subtypes for speech sound, speech fluency, and language disorder (DLD), affecting roughly 1 in 14 kindergartners.
Developmental speech sound disorder
Developmental speech sound disorder (ICD-11 6A01.0) is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder of persistent, unintelligible pronunciation errors not explained by structural, sensory, or neurological causes; also called phonological disorder in DSM-5.
Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)
Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), or dual diagnosis (co-occurring disorders), is the co-existence of a substance use disorder and a psychiatric disorder in one person; a MeSH term (D017831) not coded in DSM-5 or ICD, treated preferably with integrated care.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, is the American Psychiatric Association's reference for diagnosing mental disorders, first published in 1952 and now in its 2022 revision.
Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies
The Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) is a semi-structured polydiagnostic interview for mood and psychotic disorders, developed for the NIMH Genetics Initiative, with its first paper published in 1992.
Dialectical behavior therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a cognitive-behavioral therapy developed by Marsha Linehan in the 1980s, treats chronically suicidal people with borderline personality disorder through individual therapy, skills training, phone coaching, and consultation teams.
Dignity therapy
Dignity therapy is a brief psychotherapy for patients with advanced illness, in which a recorded life-story interview is edited into a legacy document to bequeath to loved ones.
Diogenes syndrome
Diogenes syndrome, also called senile squalor, is a neurobehavioral syndrome of severe self-neglect, domestic squalor, hoarding, lack of shame, and refusal of help, named by Clark et al. in 1975 and not listed in DSM-5 or ICD-10.
Dipsomania
Dipsomania (Trunksucht) is an obsolete 19th-century diagnosis of episodic, irresistible craving for alcohol with sober intervals; now classified under alcohol use disorder, not DSM-5 or ICD-11.
Disinhibited social engagement disorder
Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), formerly disinhibited RAD or ICD-10 disinhibited attachment disorder, is a childhood disorder of indiscriminate sociability toward strangers after severe neglect, diagnosable from 9 months, distinct from autism and RAD.
Disinhibition
Disinhibition, also called behavioral disinhibition or the disinhibition versus constraint trait, is reduced restraint over impulses and emotions, seen as a neurological state after frontal brain injury, alcohol, or drugs, and as a personality trait linked to externalizing psychopathology and ICD-11 trait domains.
Disinhibition in dementia
Disinhibition in dementia (ICD-11 6D86.5) is a neuropsychiatric symptom of impaired restraint, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment, common in bvFTD and Alzheimer's disease, managed with pain treatment and nonpharmacological care.
Disorders due to use of alcohol
Disorders due to use of alcohol (ICD-11 6C40; alcohol use disorder in DSM-5) are conditions of impaired control over drinking, harmful use patterns, and alcohol dependence, affecting an estimated 400 million people worldwide.
Disorders due to use of opioids
Disorders due to use of opioids (ICD-11 6C43) cover harmful opioid use, dependence, intoxication, withdrawal, and opioid-induced disorders. About 60 million people use opioids non-medically; methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone treat the disorder.
Disorders of diminished motivation
Disorders of diminished motivation (DDM): apathy, abulia, and akinetic mutism on a severity continuum, defined by primary loss of goal-directed behavior, thought, and emotion, linked to frontal-basal ganglia dopaminergic circuits across stroke, TBI, and dementias.
Disorders of intellectual development
Disorders of intellectual development are neurodevelopmental conditions marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior at least two standard deviations below the mean, classified as ICD-11 code 6A00.
Disorganised behaviour
Disorganised behaviour (ICD-11 MB23.6, 行動の統合不全) is a coded symptom: unpredictable, non-goal-directed activity such as shouting at strangers, equivalent to ICD-10-CM R46.2 and a positive symptom of psychotic disorders.
Disorganised thinking
Disorganised thinking, also known as formal thought disorder, is a disruption of associative thought evident in speech, counted among the positive symptoms of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia.
Disorganized schizophrenia
Disorganized schizophrenia, also called hebephrenia or hebephrenic schizophrenia, was a DSM-IV schizophrenia subtype marked by disorganized speech and behavior and flat affect; eliminated from DSM-5 and ICD-11.
Disruptive behaviour
Disruptive behaviour (ICD-11 MB23.8) is a symptom category for behaviour causing disorder and turmoil in others or one's environment, such as angry outbursts, arguments, and disobedience, excluded from the related disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders grouping.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), a DSM-5 depressive disorder added in 2013, involves chronic childhood irritability and frequent severe temper outbursts; created to curb pediatric bipolar misdiagnosis, with 3.3% community prevalence and no FDA-approved medications.
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative amnesia (psychogenic or functional amnesia) is a controversial psychiatric condition of inability to recall stressful autobiographical information without a neurological cause; DSM-5 includes fugue as a subtype, and case-study evidence and biomarkers remain weak.
Dissociative disorder
Dissociative disorders, including dissociative identity disorder (DID, formerly multiple personality disorder), dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization-derealization disorder, are trauma-linked conditions marked by disrupted memory, identity, and consciousness, treated mainly with psychotherapy.
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative fugue (psychogenic fugue): sudden purposeful travel with retrograde loss of autobiographical memory and identity, now a DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 specifier of dissociative amnesia, not a separate diagnosis.
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly multiple personality disorder, is a contested dissociative disorder with two or more identity states and dissociative amnesia, linked to childhood trauma under the trauma model and to suggestion under the sociocognitive model.