Public health and healthcare

Cancer Institute (WIA)

Cancer Institute (WIA), or Adyar Cancer Institute, is a charitable cancer hospital in Adyar, Chennai, founded in 1954 by Muthulakshmi Reddy; first comprehensive cancer center in South India, with 675+ beds and the Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry.

Cancer prevention research

Cancer Prevention Research (CaPR), ISSN 1940-6207, is a monthly peer-reviewed journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research since 2008, covering cancer prevention, early detection, and interception research.

Cancer research

Cancer research: the scientific study of cancer's biology, prevention, detection, and treatment. Also the flagship AACR journal Cancer Research (ISSN 0008-5472), launched 1941, continuing The American Journal of Cancer.

Cancer risk

Cancer risk: the probability of developing or dying from cancer over a defined period, expressed as absolute or relative risk. Covers risk factors, IARC hazard classification, Gail-model risk tools, and risk communication.

Oct 20, 2026

CanCOLD study

CanCOLD (Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease) is a longitudinal, population-based COPD cohort following about 1,500 Canadians aged 40+ at nine sites since 2009, descended from BOLD/COLD, with over 60 sub-studies.

CANTO trial

CANTO (CANcer TOxicities, NCT01993498) is a French UNICANCER prospective cohort, not a randomized trial, following 12,012 women with stage I-III breast cancer since 2012 to predict long-term treatment toxicities.

CANVAS trial

CANVAS (CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study, NCT01032629) was Janssen's phase 3 placebo-controlled trial of canagliflozin in 4,330 type 2 diabetes patients at cardiovascular risk; with CANVAS-R it formed the 10,142-patient CANVAS Program.

Capital Financing

Capital financing: funding of long-lived facilities and equipment (MeSH D002202), distinct from operating finance. Covers grants, municipal bonds, capital charges, PPPs, and NHS and US hospital financing history.

CAPNETZ study

CAPNETZ study: German prospective multicenter observational cohort of community-acquired pneumonia in adults, recruiting since 2002 (DRKS00005274, NCT02139163); over 14,000 patients, largest CAP etiology study in Germany, run by CAPNETZ STIFTUNG.

Oct 22, 2026

Caragea's plague

Caragea's plague (Romanian: ciuma lui Caragea) was a bubonic plague epidemic that devastated Wallachia and its capital Bucharest between 1812 and 1814, the deadliest plague recorded in the Romanian lands.

Care bundle

A care bundle is a small set of three to five evidence-based interventions delivered together and reliably to improve outcomes, developed by IHI in 2001 and scored all-or-none.

CARED trial

CARED (NCT06842459) is an Italian multicenter randomized trial testing whether a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment-guided care plan preserves physical performance (SPPB) in 180 adults aged 75+ with type 2 diabetes versus usual care, with 12-month follow-up.

Caregiver

Caregiver: a person providing regular care to someone with illness, disability, or age-related needs, usually unpaid family or friends. 63 million U.S. adults caregiving in 2025; $470 billion annual value; RAISE Act 2018.

Carrier State

The carrier state is harboring an infective organism without symptoms of infection while the organism stays transmissible; asymptomatic, incubatory, convalescent, and chronic carriers are recognized types.

CART-SIE study

CART-SIE (NCT06339255) is an Italian multicenter prospective observational study of real-world CAR-T therapy for relapsed/refractory DLBCL, PMBCL, MCL, and FL, coordinated from Milan, reporting feasibility, survival, toxicity, non-relapse mortality, and secondary malignancies.

Oct 20, 2026

CASABLANCA study

CASABLANCA (Catheter Sampled Blood Archive in Cardiovascular Diseases), NCT00842868: prospective single-center biomarker study of 1251 angiography patients at Massachusetts General Hospital, 2008-2011, predicting cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal complications.

Cascade testing

Cascade testing, also called cascade screening, is a genetic epidemiology strategy in which relatives of a person with a pathogenic variant are informed and offered targeted testing.

Case fatality rate

The case fatality rate (CFR), or case fatality risk, is the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it, used to measure disease severity.

Case Management

Case management, or care coordination, is a health and social care intervention in which a case manager assesses needs, plans and arranges services, monitors delivery, and advocates for clients with complex conditions; practiced by nurses and social workers under CMSA, ACMA, and NASW standards.

Case Managers

Case managers coordinate health and social care for high-risk patients through assessment, care planning, and advocacy. Evidence shows improved satisfaction and guideline adherence but no clear reduction in hospital use, costs, or mortality.

Case-cohort study

A case-cohort study is an epidemiological design in which a random subcohort sampled at baseline is compared with all cohort cases, allowing efficient hazard-ratio estimation in large cohorts.

Case-crossover design

The case-crossover design is an epidemiological study design in which each person experiencing an acute event serves as their own control, comparing recent transient exposure with their usual exposure.

Case-crossover study

A case-crossover study is an epidemiological design where each subject serves as their own control, comparing exposures just before an acute event with exposures at other times.

Case–control study

Case–control study: an observational epidemiologic design comparing people with a disease (cases) against controls, examining past exposures; measured by the odds ratio, efficient for rare outcomes, central to the 1950 smoking–lung cancer studies.

CASH trial

CASH (Children Active to Stay Healthy), NCT01821313, was a completed Nationwide Children's Hospital randomized trial comparing six weeks of high-intensity interval exercise versus moderate cycling in 34 sedentary adolescents with obesity, measuring inflammation and endothelial function.

Casimir A. Kulikowski

Casimir A. Kulikowski is a Board of Governors Professor of Computer Science at Rutgers University and a pioneer of artificial intelligence in medicine and biomedical informatics.

Cass Review

Cass Review: independent NHS England review of children's gender identity services led by Hilary Cass; interim 2022, final April 2024; found weak evidence, ended routine puberty blockers, reshaped UK policy.

Caswell A. Evans Jr.

Caswell A. Evans Jr. is an American dentist and dental public health specialist, best known as executive editor of the first Surgeon General's report on oral health in 2000.

Catherine Reinis Lucey

Catherine Reinis Lucey is an American physician and medical educator, Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at UCSF since 2023, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2018.