289 articles
Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, MK-4 to MK-13) is the bacterial-origin family of vitamin K found in fermented foods like natto (MK-7) and animal foods (MK-4), with longer circulation than K1, roles in bone and vascular protein activation, and 45 mg MK-4 osteoporosis treatment in Japan.
WAHA trial
WAHA (Walnuts And Healthy Aging) trial: 2-center, 2-year randomized controlled trial (NCT01634841) of 708 elders in Barcelona and Loma Linda eating 30–60 g walnuts daily; no overall effect on cognitive decline, exploratory Barcelona subgroup benefit.
Waist Circumference
Waist circumference (WC): abdominal tape measurement used as a marker of central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, with sex- and ethnicity-specific thresholds (e.g., 102/88 cm), recommended alongside BMI and as a clinical vital sign.
Waist–hip ratio
Waist–hip ratio (WHR, waist-to-hip ratio) is waist circumference divided by hip circumference, an anthropometric index of abdominal fat. Healthy values are 0.90 or less for men and 0.80 or less for women; elevated WHR predicts cardiometabolic risk.
Water intoxication
Water intoxication, clinically exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), is dilutional low blood sodium (below 135 mmol/L) from overdrinking hypotonic fluids plus non-osmotic vasopressin secretion; treated with fluid restriction or 3% hypertonic saline, prevented by drinking to thirst.
Weaning
Weaning is the process of switching an infant's diet from breast milk or formula to other foods and fluids, typically beginning around 6 months of age alongside continued breastfeeding.
Weight cutting
Weight cutting: rapid body mass reduction before weigh-ins in weight-class combat sports like boxing, wrestling, judo, and MMA, using dieting, dehydration, and water loading; cuts up to about 5% with rehydration generally preserve strength and power, larger cuts carry health risks.
Welfare in California
Welfare in California centers on CalWORKs, the state's TANF cash aid program created in 1997, alongside CalFresh (SNAP), Medi-Cal, and WIC, administered by counties in all 58 California counties.
Wernicke encephalopathy
Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), part of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, is an acute neuropsychiatric emergency from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, mainly in alcohol misuse, bariatric surgery, and malnutrition; treated with IV thiamine.
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, also known as wet brain, is a brain condition caused by vitamin B1 deficiency, usually from alcohol misuse, combining acute confusion and chronic memory loss.
Wet beriberi
Wet beriberi (湿性脚気, ICD-11 5B5A.01) is the cardiovascular form of beriberi caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, presenting as high-output heart failure with vasodilation and edema; Shoshin beriberi is its fulminant cardiogenic-shock form, and thiamine 100–300 mg daily is treatment.
Whey protein
Whey protein, the soluble ~20% fraction of milk protein left after casein coagulation in cheesemaking, sold as concentrate (WPC), isolate (WPI), and hydrolysate (WPH); high leucine, PDCAAS 1.14, widely used in sports nutrition.
Whole cow milk in infant formula
Whole cow milk in infant formula: dry or liquid whole bovine milk used as a GRAS ingredient (GRNs 980, 1041, 1172, 1179) in term infant formula, unlike unmodified whole milk, which is unsuitable as a sole infant food.
Whole grain
Whole grain: grain retaining bran, germ, and endosperm in intact-kernel proportions (FDA definition). Covers kernel anatomy, milling losses, processing effects, health evidence, and inconsistent labeling standards.
WIC
WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) is a USDA Food and Nutrition Service program giving food, nutrition education, and referrals to low-income at-risk pregnant, postpartum, breastfeeding women, infants, and children under 5; 1972 pilot, permanent 1975, about 6.6 million monthly participants.
Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia, from Greek for dry eye, is the range of eye disorders caused by vitamin A deficiency, from night blindness and Bitot spots to blinding keratomalacia.
Young Living
Young Living: Utah-based multi-level marketing company founded 1994 by D. Gary and Mary Young, selling essential oils and oil-infused products via its Seed to Seal program; subject of FDA warning letters and a $5 million class action settlement.
Zinc deficiency
Zinc deficiency: insufficient body zinc causing growth retardation, diarrhea, dermatitis, and immune impairment. Discovered by Ananda Prasad in 1958 in Iran; phytate-rich diets are the main cause; about 17% of the world population affected.
ZMA (supplement)
ZMA (zinc magnesium aspartate) is a Victor Conte-created SNAC trademark supplement of zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6 taken before bed; trials show no testosterone, strength, or sleep benefit in replete users.