139 articles
Cooper test
Cooper test, or Cooper 12-minute run, devised by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for the US Air Force; distance covered in 12 minutes estimates VO2max (original correlation 0.897), with a 1.5-mile run variant.
David Goggins
David Goggins, also known as Dave Goggins, is an American retired Navy SEAL, ultramarathon runner, and author known for extreme endurance feats and his 2018 memoir Can't Hurt Me.
David Laid
David Laid, Estonian-American fitness influencer and Gymshark Creative Director of Lifting, famous for his viral 3 Year Natural Transformation 14-17 video; his natural status is unverified and debated (FFMI about 22.4).
Denise Austin
Denise Austin (born 1957) is an American fitness instructor and TV personality, co-host of The Jack LaLanne Show, Today show fitness expert, and host of ESPN and Lifetime workout shows, with over 25 million videos sold and 12 books.
Dumbbell
Dumbbell: a short hand-held free weight with a mass at each end, named for silent 16th-century bell-ringing practice apparatus; Greek origins, Victorian school use, adjustable modern designs, and EMG-documented stabilizer demands.
Elastic therapeutic tape
Elastic therapeutic tape, or kinesiology tape (Kinesio Tape, developed by Kenzo Kase in 1979), is a stretchy cotton adhesive tape used for pain, swelling, and sports support; systematic reviews find little benefit over sham tape.
Elliptical trainer
Elliptical trainer, also called cross-trainer: stationary exercise machine with oval pedal path and moving handlebars for low-impact full-body cardio. Invented commercially by Precor's EFX 544 in 1995; crank-linkage drive, adjustable resistance and stride.
Emma Lovewell
Emma Lovewell is an American fitness instructor, author, and former professional dancer known as a senior instructor at Peloton since 2017, founder of Live Learn Lovewell, and author of the 2024 memoir Live Learn Love Well.
Endurance
Endurance: the capacity to sustain prolonged physical effort, determined by VO2max, lactate threshold, and efficiency; shaped by mitochondrial adaptations, fatigue mechanisms, and WHO activity guidelines (150-300 min/week).
Endurance Training (procedure)
Endurance training as a pastime: long-duration, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (running, cycling, swimming) to raise VO2max and stamina; polarized or pyramidal intensity distribution, 150 min weekly health baseline.
Eugen Sandow
Eugen Sandow (Friedrich Wilhelm Müller, 1867–1925), Prussian-born Victorian strongman and father of modern bodybuilding; staged the 1901 Great Competition, ran the Sandow Institute, magazine, and equipment empire, and inspired the Mr. Olympia Sandow trophy.
Exercise
Exercise: planned physical activity for fitness and health. Aerobic and resistance types; WHO advises 150-300 min moderate aerobic plus 2 days muscle-strengthening weekly; 31% of adults fall short.
Exercise Movement Techniques
Exercise Movement Techniques: MeSH heading (D026241, introduced 2002) for structured physical activity methods promoting well-being, covering breathing exercises, Qigong, Dance Therapy, Tai Ji, Yoga, and Pilates-based exercises.
Exercise physiology
Exercise physiology: study of acute bodily responses and chronic adaptations to exercise, from Lavoisier's calorimetry and Hill's VO2max to modern FITT prescription, cardiac rehabilitation, wearables, and molecular transducers research.
Fart walk
A fart walk, also called postprandial walking, is a casual walk taken shortly after eating, popularized by Canadian cookbook author Mairlyn Smith in a viral 2024 TikTok video.
Fitbit
Fitbit, also known as Google Fitbit, is a line of wearable fitness trackers and smartwatches founded in San Francisco in 2007 and owned by Google since 2021.
FLAMENCO trial
FLAMENCO (Fitness League Against MENopause COst) trial, NCT02358109: Spanish randomized controlled trial at University of Granada testing a 16-week, 3-day/week multicomponent exercise program in 160 women aged 45-60, improving menopause symptoms, body composition, and quality of life.
Garmin Connect
Garmin Connect is the web platform and mobile app that Garmin fitness and outdoor devices sync with, tracking health metrics, training plans, and activities, free with an optional premium tier.
Garmin Forerunner
Garmin Forerunner: Garmin's GPS running smartwatch line since 2003, starting with the Forerunner 201, the world's first GPS running watch; current flagships are the Forerunner 570 and 970 (May 2025).
Greg Plitt
Greg Plitt, born George Gregory Plitt, was an American fitness model and personal trainer who appeared on over 200 fitness magazine covers and Bravo's Work Out.
Gym
Gym: a place or club for exercising with machines, weights, and other equipment, from the ancient Greek gymnasion to the modern commercial health club; covers history, health benefits, industry scale, and access barriers.
Gymshark
Gymshark is a British direct-to-consumer fitness apparel brand founded in 2012 by Ben Francis in a Birmingham garage, known for influencer marketing, its 2020 General Atlantic investment valuing it over £1 billion, and Regent Street retail.
Health club
Health club: a commercial fitness business offering exercise equipment, classes, pools, and saunas on membership or pay-per-visit terms. Also called gym or fitness center; US membership reached 81 million in 2025.
High-intensity interval training
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), including the Norwegian 4x4 protocol of four 4-minute bouts at 85-95% max heart rate, alternates short intense exercise bouts with recovery; it raises VO2max and cardiac function and is used in cardiac rehabilitation.
High-intensity training
High-intensity training (HIIT, SIT, RST): repeated short bursts at ≥90% VO2max or >75% maximal power with recovery periods; improves VO2max, anaerobic capacity, and cardiometabolic health comparably to continuous training in less time.
Hilaria Baldwin
Hilaria Baldwin, born Hillary Hayward-Thomas in Boston, is an American yoga instructor who co-founded Yoga Vida in New York, married Alec Baldwin in 2012, wrote The Living Clearly Method, and was exposed in 2020 for a fabricated Spanish identity.
Hot yoga
Hot yoga: yoga practiced in rooms of 95–104°F (35–40°C), including Bikram's 26-posture, 90-minute sequence created by Bikram Choudhury; covers physiology, calorie burn, safety, and pregnancy guidance.
Indoor rower
Indoor rower, also called ergometer or erg, an exercise machine reproducing the rowing stroke with air, water, or magnetic resistance; Concept2 Model A (1981) set the standard, and 2000 m is the benchmark distance.
Interval training
Interval training: exercise alternating intense work bouts with recovery periods, including HIIT, SIT, and RST. Developed early 20th century (Fartlek, German interval method); improves VO2max comparably to continuous training in less time.
Isometric exercise
Isometric exercise: static muscle contraction against immovable resistance (wall sits, planks, handgrip). Distinguished from dynamic lifting by no joint-angle change; best-evidenced mode for lowering resting blood pressure, highly angle-specific for strength.