25,729 articles
Charles Kelman
Charles Kelman (1930–2004) was an American ophthalmologist at Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital who invented phacoemulsification, the ultrasonic cataract-removal technique that became the standard method worldwide.
Charles Osborne (farmer)
Charles Osborne (1893 or 1894–May 1991), American Iowa farmer, holds the Guinness record for the longest hiccup attack: 68 years, 1922 to February 1990, 20–40 hiccups per minute, about 430 million hiccups, after a 1922 hog-lifting accident.
Charles Pfizer
Charles Pfizer (Karl Christian Friedrich Pfizer, 1824–1906), German-American chemist who co-founded Charles Pfizer & Company in Brooklyn in 1849 with cousin Charles Erhart, starting with a toffee-flavored santonin deworming candy and building a leading US fine-chemical maker.
Charles R. Bridges Jr.
Charles R. Bridges Jr. is an American cardiothoracic surgeon-scientist and engineer who leads CorVista Health and was the first African American Full Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania.
Charles R. Drew
Charles Richard Drew (1904-1950), American surgeon, developed blood plasma storage, led WWII Blood for Britain and first Red Cross blood bank, resigned over segregated blood, Spingarn Medal 1944.
Charlson comorbidity index
The Charlson comorbidity index is a weighted clinical score of 19 comorbid conditions predicting mortality, reported by Mary Charlson and colleagues in 1987 and widely used in research.
Chart abstraction
Chart abstraction, also called medical record review or retrospective chart review, is a data collection method in which trained reviewers manually extract defined variables from patients' medical records for research and registries.
Chasing the dragon
Chasing the dragon (追龍) is Hong Kong Cantonese slang for inhaling heroin vapor heated on foil through a tube. Originated 1950s Hong Kong; causes rare toxic leukoencephalopathy; lower overdose risk than injection.
CHD1 deletion in prostate cancer
CHD1 deletion is a recurrent loss of the CHD1 chromatin-remodeling gene in prostate cancer, found in 8% to 27% of tumors and defining the ETS-fusion-negative subtype.
CHD3-related developmental delay-speech delay-intellectual disability-abnormalities of vision-facial dysmorphism syndrome
CHD3-related developmental delay-speech delay-intellectual disability-abnormalities of vision-facial dysmorphism syndrome, better known as Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome (SNIBCPS), is a rare genetic disorder caused by variants in the CHD3 gene.
CHD4-related neurodevelopmental disorder
CHD4-related neurodevelopmental disorder, also called Sifrim-Hitz-Weiss syndrome (SIHIWES, OMIM 617159), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder from de novo CHD4 variants, causing developmental delay, mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, brain anomalies, and heart defects.
CheckMate 9ER trial
CheckMate 9ER (NCT03141177) is a phase 3 open-label trial of first-line nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma, showing superior PFS, overall survival, and response rates.
Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy
Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy is a cancer treatment using monoclonal antibodies that block immune checkpoints like CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, releasing T cells to attack tumors; it earned the 2018 Nobel Prize.
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (Chédiak-Higashi-Steinbrink syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive LYST-gene disorder with partial albinism, immunodeficiency, bleeding, neurodegeneration, and HLH risk; giant leukocyte granules are diagnostic.
Cheilectomy
Cheilectomy is a joint-sparing operation for mild-to-moderate hallux rigidus, removing dorsal osteophytes and up to 30% of the metatarsal head to relieve pain and restore motion.
Cheilitis
Cheilitis, also called chilosis or chapped lips, is inflammation of the lips arising mainly in the vermilion, with causes including irritants, allergens, and sun exposure.
Cheilitis glandularis
Cheilitis glandularis, or glandular cheilitis, is a rare inflammatory disorder of the lower lip's minor salivary glands causing lip swelling and thick mucus secretion; under 100 cases reported, cause unknown, with rare squamous cell carcinoma risk.
Cheiloplasty
Cheiloplasty is a surgical procedure that repairs lip defects by reconstructing lip structure and restoring function and appearance, used most often for primary cleft lip repair in infants.
Chelation therapy
Chelation therapy uses chelating agents such as EDTA, dimercaprol, DMSA, and DMPS to bind and excrete heavy metals; established for lead and metal poisoning, unproven and unapproved for heart disease after TACT and TACT2 trials.
Chemexfoliation
Chemexfoliation (chemical peel, chemabrasion): applying a chemical solution such as TCA, glycolic, or salicylic acid to dissolve skin layers for acne, melasma, and photoaging; classified superficial, medium, deep; FDA warns against unsupervised use.
Chemical ablation
Chemical ablation is a medical treatment that destroys abnormal tissue, such as tumors, cysts, or cardiac conduction pathways, by injecting a chemically toxic agent, usually absolute ethanol.
Chemical castration
Chemical castration, or medical castration/androgen deprivation therapy, uses drugs such as GnRH agonists to suppress sex hormone production, mainly for prostate and breast cancer and, controversially, to reduce sex offenders' libido; it is generally reversible.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is an MRI technique that detects low-concentration metabolites and proteins through the water signal, introduced by Ward, Aletras, and Balaban in 2000.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is an imaging technique that detects tissue pH and millimolar metabolites, with clinical studies in stroke, cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Chemical gastritis
Chemical gastritis, also called reactive gastritis, reactive gastropathy, or type C gastritis, is stomach lining injury from chemical irritants such as NSAIDs, alcohol, and bile, with minimal inflammation; it affects about 15 percent of people in the United States.
Chemical hazard
Chemical hazard: the intrinsic capacity of a chemical to harm health or cause physical danger, classified under GHS and OSHA HazCom; distinct from risk, which includes exposure.
Chemical Hypophysectomy
Chemical hypophysectomy, or pituitary neuroadenolysis, destroys the pituitary by stereotactic trans-sphenoidal alcohol injection to relieve refractory cancer pain; developed by Greco and Moricca in the late 1950s, it gave roughly 75-85% relief but was displaced by intrathecal opioids and radiosurgery.
Chemical meningitis
Chemical meningitis, also called drug-induced aseptic meningitis (ICD-11 8E40.1), is rare sterile meningeal inflammation caused by drugs such as NSAIDs or antibiotics, or by contrast agents and neurosurgical procedures, with normal CSF glucose and recovery after stopping the cause.
Chemical oesophagitis
Chemical oesophagitis (caustic or corrosive oesophagitis, ICD-11 DA24.20) is esophageal inflammation from ingested acids or alkalis. Alkalis injure the esophagus most, strictures form in about 25%, endoscopy within 24 hours grades injury.
Chemical restraint
Chemical restraint is medication given against a patient's will, not part of standard treatment, to control movement or behavior, most often benzodiazepines or antipsychotics; no consensus definition exists across jurisdictions.