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Corpus callosotomy
Corpus callosotomy, or split-brain surgery, is palliative neurosurgery dividing the corpus callosum for drug-resistant epilepsy, chiefly atonic drop attacks; first done by van Wagenen in 1940, with open, endoscopic, and laser variants.
Corpus callosum
Corpus callosum: the brain's largest white matter commissure, about 190 million axons linking the hemispheres, unique to placental mammals; key biomarker in MS, aging, and agenesis (1:4000 births).
Corpus callosum agenesis-abnormal genitalia syndrome
Corpus callosum agenesis-abnormal genitalia syndrome, also called Proud syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive ARX-gene disorder combining agenesis of the corpus callosum, severe intellectual disability, seizures, spasticity, and abnormal genitalia, mainly affecting males.
Corpus callosum agenesis-neuronopathy syndrome
Corpus callosum agenesis-neuronopathy syndrome, or Andermann syndrome (HMSN/ACC, ACCPN), is a rare autosomal recessive SLC12A6/KCC3 disorder with progressive sensorimotor neuropathy, callosal dysgenesis, and a Quebec founder population.
Corpus cavernosum penis
Corpus cavernosum penis: one of two paired dorsal erectile cylinders of the penis, sinusoidal vascular tissue with helicine arteries and tunica albuginea that traps blood during erection; affected by ED, Peyronie's, priapism, fracture.
Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum (yellow body), temporary ovarian endocrine gland formed from the ruptured Graafian follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estradiol, peaks about 6 days post-ovulation, rescued by hCG in pregnancy, otherwise involutes into the corpus albicans.
Corpus luteum cyst
Corpus luteum cyst (corpus luteal cyst): a functional ovarian cyst formed when the post-ovulation corpus luteum fills with fluid or blood instead of regressing; usually 1–3 cm, resolves spontaneously, hemorrhagic rupture is the main complication.
Correction of Hearing Impairment
Correction of Hearing Impairment (MeSH D012048, aural rehabilitation) covers procedures for correcting hearing disorders: hearing aids, cochlear implants, and aural rehabilitation, with entry terms including Audiologic Rehabilitation and Aural Habilitation.
Corrective Orthodontics
Corrective orthodontics (MeSH D009971) is the phase of orthodontics correcting established malocclusion with appliances, distinct from interceptive and preventive orthodontics; covers history, appliances, evidence, and risks.
Cortical blindness
Cortical blindness, also called cerebral blindness, is bilateral vision loss from bilateral striate cortex lesions with normal pupils and normal eyes; common causes are PCA stroke and hypoxia, with Anton syndrome as denial of blindness.
Cortical homunculus
Cortical homunculus, or sensory and motor homunculus (Latin 'little man'): distorted body maps on the primary somatosensory and motor cortices, first drawn by Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey from 1937 electrical-stimulation studies of awake epilepsy patients.
Cortical interneuron
Cortical interneuron: GABAergic inhibitory neuron of the cerebral cortex, 20-30% of cortical neurons, in PV, SST, and 5HT3aR classes, born mainly in the ganglionic eminences.
Cortical stimulation
Cortical stimulation is the application of electrical current directly to the cerebral cortex to locate functionally important areas, used in awake glioma and epilepsy surgery.
Cortical Synchronization
Cortical synchronization, or neural phase synchronization, is the phase locking of cortical oscillations between brain regions, studied via PLV, coherence, and phase lag index in EEG and MEG as a mechanism for large-scale integration, memory, and attention, with volume conduction as its main measurement artifact.
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), also called corticobasal syndrome (CBS) in its clinical form, is a rare 4-repeat tauopathy causing asymmetric rigidity, apraxia, dystonia, and myoclonus, with onset around age 64, mean survival 6.5 years, and no disease-modifying treatment.
Corticobasal syndrome
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS), also called corticobasal degeneration syndrome, is a clinical disorder of asymmetric rigidity, apraxia, and myoclonus caused most often by corticobasal degeneration, a 4R tauopathy, but also by PSP or Alzheimer's disease.
Corticobulbar tract
Corticobulbar tract (corticonuclear tract): descending pyramidal-tract pathway from the motor cortex through the internal capsule and brainstem to cranial nerve motor nuclei, bilaterally innervating most nuclei except the lower facial and hypoglossal nuclei.
Corticorelin
Corticorelin, sold as Acthrel, is a synthetic 41-amino-acid peptide analog of corticotropin-releasing hormone, based on the ovine sequence isolated in 1981, and is used intravenously to distinguish pituitary from ectopic ACTH production in Cushing's syndrome.
Corticorelin ovine triflutate
Corticorelin ovine triflutate (Acthrel, oCRH) is a synthetic ovine-sequence CRH peptide, FDA-approved 1996 as a 1 mcg/kg IV diagnostic test separating pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome; US product discontinued.
Corticospinal tract
Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract): major descending pathway for voluntary movement, from frontoparietal cortex through internal capsule to spinal cord; 75-90% of fibers cross at the medullary pyramidal decussation.
Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency
Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency, also called transcortin deficiency, is a rare genetic adrenal disease caused by SERPINA6 mutations, causing fatigue, chronic pain, and low blood pressure.
Corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy
Corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy (ICD-11 EE40.0) is skin thinning from glucocorticoid therapy, mainly topical steroids; caused by reduced collagen synthesis, risk rises with potency, duration, occlusion, and thin-skin sites.
Corticotomy
Corticotomy is a surgical procedure that cuts or perforates cortical bone to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and shorten treatment, first described by Heinrich Köle in 1959.
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide (Cortrophin-Zinc) is a long-acting injectable porcine ACTH-zinc hydroxide suspension, 40 USP units/mL, FDA-approved since 1955 for adrenocortical diagnostic testing and limited corticosteroid-responsive uses.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, CRF, corticoliberin) is a 41-amino-acid hypothalamic peptide, isolated by Vale in 1981, that drives ACTH release via CRHR1/CRHR2 receptors in the HPA stress axis.
Cortivazol
Cortivazol (ALTIM) is a French-marketed pyrazolosteroid glucocorticoid, ATC H02AB17, given by intra-articular, periarticular, soft-tissue, and epidural injection; it is glucocorticoid receptor-specific, regulates genes distinct from dexamethasone, and suppresses the HPA axis after local injection.
Cosibelimab
Cosibelimab (Unloxcyt, cosibelimab-ipdl), Checkpoint Therapeutics' fully human anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, FDA-approved December 13, 2024 for metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; 1,200 mg IV every 3 weeks.
COSINE study
COSINE (NCT05945043), a Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust observational study continuing SINE, measuring neural respiratory drive by surface EMG and breathlessness in 124 pleural effusion patients before and after thoracocentesis, 2023-2027.
Cosmetic dentistry
Cosmetic dentistry, or aesthetic dentistry, covers dental procedures that change tooth appearance: whitening, veneers, aligners, implants. Key facts include 1989 home bleaching, veneer survival data, DSD, AI adoption, and UK market regulation.
Cosmetic Techniques
Cosmetic techniques are medical procedures to improve the appearance of visible body parts, a MeSH category (D003357) spanning surgical work like rhinoplasty and liposuction and nonsurgical treatments like chemical peels and fillers.