25,729 articles
Drew E. Altman
Drew E. Altman is an American health policy expert who founded and has led KFF for more than 30 years and is a member of the National Academy of Medicine.
Drew Pinsky
Drew Pinsky, known publicly as Dr. Drew, is an American physician board-certified in internal medicine and addiction medicine who hosted the nationally syndicated radio show Loveline for 32 years and the VH1 series Celebrity Rehab.
DRF-7295
DRF-7295 (DRF 7295) was Dabur Research Foundation's peptide-based anticancer vaccine candidate, a mix of four neuropeptide analogues, in Indian Phase 1 (2002) and Phase 2 (2004) trials, abandoned after 2008.
Dried blood spot testing
Dried blood spot testing is a clinical method in which a drop of capillary blood is dried on filter paper and analyzed, underpinning newborn screening.
Drinabant
Drinabant, also known as AVE1625, is an investigational CB1 receptor antagonist developed by Sanofi, tested in phase 2 trials for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia without approval.
Drinking
Drinking, the consumption of liquids (MeSH D004326), is regulated by thirst, osmoreceptors, and vasopressin; reference intakes are 3.7 L/day (men) and 2.7 L/day (women), and safe drinking-water remains unavailable to 2.1 billion people.
Drisapersen
Drisapersen (PRO051, GSK2402968, Kyndrisa) was a 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide for exon 51 skipping in Duchenne muscular dystrophy; its phase 3 trial missed its endpoint and the FDA rejected it in 2016.
DRL-17822
DRL-17822 (CAS 898911-09-6) is an oral, selective cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor from Dr. Reddy's Laboratories for dyslipidemia; it raised HDL-C 51-111% in Phase I, reached Phase II (NCT01388816), and was never approved.
Droloxifene
Droloxifene (3-hydroxytamoxifen), a phenolic tamoxifen analogue SERM with 10-60x higher ER affinity and a ~24 h half-life, was inferior to tamoxifen in phase III breast cancer trials and never registered.
Drometrizole
Drometrizole (CAS 2440-22-4), also called Mexoryl XL in its trisiloxane form (CAS 155633-54-8), is a benzotriazole UV absorber; the trisiloxane is a photostable broad-spectrum sunscreen filter limited to 15% in the EU and not FDA-approved.
Dronabinol
Dronabinol, marketed as Marinol, is a synthetic version of THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, approved in 1985 for chemotherapy nausea and in 1992 for AIDS-related weight loss.
Dronedarone
Dronedarone (Multaq) is a non-iodinated amiodarone analog antiarrhythmic approved in 2009 to reduce AF hospitalization; contraindicated in decompensated heart failure and permanent AF, where it doubles mortality risk.
Drop attack
Drop attack: sudden fall from loss of postural tone without warning, usually without loss of consciousness, with rapid recovery; ICD-11 MB46.3. Causes include cardiovascular, vertebrobasilar, epileptic (atonic seizures), and Tumarkin otolithic crises in Ménière's disease.
DROP study
DROP study (Discharge Recommendations for Older Adults Using Physical Outcome Measure, NCT06903832): observational NUH Singapore study testing Sit to Stand and Gait Speed Tests for physiotherapist discharge planning in hospitalized adults 65+, distinct from the DROP deprescribing trial.
Dropropizine
Dropropizine (UCB 1967, Ditustat, Catabex) is a racemic non-opioid peripheral antitussive, ATC R05DB19, C13H20N2O2, sold as the racemate or as the enantiomer levodropropizine; not available in the United States.
Drospirenone
Drospirenone (DRSP), a spironolactone-analogue progestin with anti-mineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity, used in Yasmin, Yaz, Slynd, and estetrol combination pills; VTE risk versus levonorgestrel estimated at 1.0–3.3.
Drotaverine
Drotaverine (No-Spa, Drotin) is a Hungarian benzylisoquinoline antispasmodic, a PDE4 inhibitor related to papaverine, used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary smooth muscle spasms; half-life about 9 hours, not FDA or EMA approved.
Drotrecogin alfa (activated)
Drotrecogin alfa (activated), brand name Xigris, recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC, LY-203638), an Eli Lilly antithrombotic for severe sepsis; FDA-approved 2001, EU 2002, withdrawn worldwide in 2011 after PROWESS-SHOCK showed no mortality benefit.
Drowning
Drowning: respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid (WHO 2002 definition). About 300,000 deaths yearly, 92% in low- and middle-income countries; hypoxia is the key mechanism; CPR requires rescue breaths.
DRTST trial
DRTST (Duodenal Resection Tri-Staple Technology), NCT03277144, is an Italian multicenter randomized trial led by Maurizio Degiuli, University of Turin, comparing three-line Tri-Staple stapler closure of the duodenal stump against conventional techniques during open gastrectomy for gastric cancer, targeting 700 patients.
Drug
A drug is a substance that, when absorbed into a living organism, may modify one or more of its functions; the word covers medicines, abused substances, and legal categories.
Drug Administration Schedule
Drug Administration Schedule: MeSH descriptor D004334 for the timing plan of drug dosing, covering frequency, intervals, and circadian timing, and its links to adherence and adverse reactions.
Drug Carriers
Drug carriers are macromolecules, polymers, or nanoparticles that transport and release pharmacologically active compounds, prolonging drug action, reducing metabolism and toxicity. Key platforms include liposomes, SLNs, NLCs, polymeric nanoparticles, and LNPs, from Doxil (1995) to mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccines.
Drug Chronotherapy
Drug chronotherapy: timing drug administration to circadian rhythms for maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity; also called chronotherapeutics; key evidence in hypertension bedtime dosing and cancer chrono-chemotherapy.
Drug class
Drug class: a set of medications grouped by chemical structure, mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or therapeutic use. Formalized in the WHO ATC system (five levels, 14 main groups) and FDA Established Pharmacologic Classes.
Drug Contraindications
A drug contraindication is a situation in which a medicine or procedure must be avoided because of the risk of harm, either absolutely or relative to its benefits.
Drug Costs
Drug costs: amounts paid for medicines, formally the amount a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs (MeSH D016527). Covers list price (WAC), net price after rebates, US spending near $1 trillion, and international price gaps.
Drug delivery
Drug delivery: the field of controlling where, when, and how fast a drug reaches the body. Began with the 1952 Spansule 12-hour capsule; later milestones include Lupron Depot (1989) and 2020 lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines.
Drug design
Drug design, also called rational drug design, is the invention of new medications by designing molecules to bind biological targets. It includes structure-based and ligand-based approaches, docking, QSAR, ADMET modelling, and AI methods; HIV protease inhibitors are a landmark success.
Drug development
Drug development: the process of discovering, testing, and gaining regulatory approval for new medicines, from preclinical research through clinical trials, FDA review, and post-market safety monitoring.