Human health and medicine

Dural sinus malformation with arteriovenous shunt

Dural sinus malformation with arteriovenous shunt (DSM, ORPHA:97339), a rare congenital neurovascular malformation with massively dilated dural sinuses and AV shunts, presenting in neonates and infants with macrocrania, heart failure, or hemorrhage.

Duraplasty

Duraplasty is a neurosurgical procedure in which the dura mater is opened and expanded with a graft, chiefly to treat Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia.

Durlobactam

Durlobactam, formerly ETX2514, is a diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor developed by Entasis Therapeutics and sold with sulbactam as Xacduro, approved by the FDA in 2023 for pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex.

Durotomy

Durotomy is a surgical incision, or unintended tear, in the dura mater, the tough outermost membrane around the brain and spinal cord; deliberate in tumor resection, incidental tears are the most common complication of spine surgery.

Durvalumab

Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a fully human IgG1 anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca, first FDA-approved May 2017 for urothelial carcinoma, now used across NSCLC, SCLC, bladder, biliary, liver, endometrial, and gastric cancers.

Durvalumab and tremelimumab regimen

The durvalumab plus tremelimumab regimen, given as the STRIDE schedule of one tremelimumab dose plus regular durvalumab, is an approved immunotherapy for unresectable liver cancer and some lung cancers.

Dusquetide

Dusquetide (SGX942, IMX942) is a synthetic 5-amino-acid innate defense regulator peptide derived from indolicidin, developed by Soligenix for severe oral mucositis in head and neck cancer; it binds p62, and its Phase 3 missed the primary endpoint.

Dutasteride

Dutasteride (Avodart) is a dual type 1 and type 2 5α-reductase inhibitor approved in 2001 for benign prostatic hyperplasia; it cut biopsy-detected prostate cancer 22.8% in REDUCE but is not recommended for chemoprevention.

Dutogliptin

Dutogliptin (PHX1149), a Phenomix DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes; oral phase 3 program terminated, now a Recardio subcutaneous formulation for post-myocardial-infarction therapy.

Duty to Warn

Duty to warn, also called Tarasoff duty, is clinicians' legal obligation to warn identifiable third parties of serious threats from patients, originating in Tarasoff v. Regents (1976) and varying by state.

Duvelisib

Duvelisib (brand name Copiktra) is an oral inhibitor of the PI3K delta and gamma enzymes, approved in the United States in 2018 for relapsed or refractory CLL/SLL and follicular lymphoma.

DVT trial

DVT trial: randomized clinical trials of deep vein thrombosis treatment, chiefly cancer-associated VTE trials such as CARAVAGGIO, ADAM VTE, and ONCO DVT, comparing apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and dalteparin for efficacy and bleeding.

Dwarfism

Dwarfism, also called short stature or little person, is adult height of 4'10" (147 cm) or less from over 300 genetic or medical conditions; achondroplasia (FGFR3 mutation) is the most common cause, now with targeted drugs vosoritide and navepegritide.

Dwight L. Wilbur

Dwight Locke Wilbur (1903–1997) was an American gastroenterologist in San Francisco and Stanford clinical professor who, as American Medical Association president from 1968 to 1969, helped ease its opposition to Medicare.

Dyclonine

Dyclonine, marketed as Dyclone and DycloPro, is a ketone-class topical local anesthetic used to numb the mouth, throat, and airway, sold over the counter in Sucrets lozenges.

DYDJI trial

DYDJI trial (NCT01180452), a GETAID prospective French multicentre cohort study of endoscopic chromoendoscopy screening for small bowel dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in 101 high-risk jejuno-ileal Crohn's disease patients; 4% prevalence, 33% sensitivity, screening not recommended.

Dydrogesterone

Dydrogesterone (Duphaston, Femoston) is a synthetic retroprogesterone progestogen developed by Philips-Duphar in 1959, used with estradiol in menopausal hormone therapy and for IVF luteal phase support; oral doses 10–20 times lower than progesterone, no androgenic or glucocorticoid activity.

Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen disease

Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen disease (DMC, DYM syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia with short-trunk dwarfism, microcephaly, intellectual disability, double-humped vertebrae, and lacy iliac crests, caused by DYM gene mutations.

Dynamic causal modeling

Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a Bayesian framework in neuroimaging that fits generative models of directed neural interactions to fMRI data, estimating effective connectivity for cognitive and resting-state studies.

Dynamic computed tomography

Dynamic computed tomography (dynamic CT) is a time-resolved form of CT that rapidly scans the same tissue after IV contrast, measuring blood flow and volume.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT

Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) is a computed tomography technique that acquires a rapid series of scans after intravenous iodinated contrast injection to quantify blood flow, blood volume, and permeability.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is an MRI technique that rapidly images tissue before, during, and after gadolinium injection to quantify perfusion and vascular permeability, chiefly in oncology.

Dynamic functional connectivity

Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) is a neuroimaging analysis method that measures how statistical dependence between brain regions' activity changes over the course of an fMRI scan.

Dynamic PET

Dynamic PET is a nuclear medicine imaging method that records PET data continuously after tracer injection, fitting tracer kinetics to quantify physiological rate constants rather than a single static image.

Dynamic posturography

Dynamic posturography is a clinical assessment that measures postural sway and balance reactions while visual and support-surface cues are perturbed, quantifying the sensory and motor contributions to balance.

Dynamometry

Dynamometry is the quantitative measurement of the force or torque a muscle produces, using handheld or fixed devices to assess neuromuscular function and track rehabilitation progress.

Dyphylline

Dyphylline (diprophylline, dihydroxypropyltheophylline; brands Lufyllin, Dilor, Neothylline) is a theophylline-derivative xanthine bronchodilator for asthma and COPD, excreted unchanged by the kidneys, FDA-approved 1951 and later discontinued in the US.