Human health and medicine

International Diabetes Federation

International Diabetes Federation (Fédération Internationale du Diabète), Brussels-based non-profit umbrella of 264 national diabetes associations in 163 countries; founded 1950 in Amsterdam; publishes the Diabetes Atlas and runs World Diabetes Day.

International health

International health: a public health term for cross-border health work, now overlapping with global health; also the RSTMH peer-reviewed journal International Health (ISSN 1876-3413, founded 2009) and the WHO's International Health Regulations framework.

International journal of dermatology

International Journal of Dermatology (Int J Dermatol, ISSN 0011-9059) is Wiley's monthly peer-reviewed dermatology journal, official organ of the International Society of Dermatology, begun as Dermatologia Tropica in 1962, MEDLINE-indexed since 1970, impact factor 4.2.

Oct 20, 2026

International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM

The International Journal of Medical Microbiology (IJMM) is a peer-reviewed medical microbiology journal published in Germany since 2000 by Elsevier, continuing the German serial Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie.

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (IJSNEM), Human Kinetics bimonthly journal since 2000, official journal of the International Society of Sport Nutrition, ISSN 1526-484X, MEDLINE and Scopus indexed.

International Normalized Ratio

International Normalized Ratio (INR): standardized reporting of the prothrombin time, INR = (PT_patient/MNPT)^ISI, used to monitor warfarin and other vitamin K antagonist therapy; developed by WHO from 1977 onward.

International ophthalmology

International Ophthalmology (Int Ophthalmol), a Springer peer-reviewed ophthalmology journal founded 1978 in the Netherlands, ISSNs 0165-5701 and 1573-2630, MEDLINE-indexed since volume 1, print ceased 2012, SJR Q2.

International Prognostic Index

The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a five-factor clinical scoring system, published in 1993, that predicts survival in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

International Prognostic Scoring System (myelodysplastic syndromes)

The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) is a 1997 hematology risk score for myelodysplastic syndromes, using marrow blasts, karyotype, and cytopenias to predict survival and AML transformation.

International Prostate Symptom Score

The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is an eight-item questionnaire used in urology to grade urinary symptom severity in men and track change over time or treatment.

International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) is a professional association and charity based in London, founded in 1991 to improve women's health through ultrasound education and standards.

International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis

The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis is a global medical organization advancing the understanding, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of blood clotting and bleeding disorders.

International Spinal Cord Society

International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS), formerly International Medical Society of Paraplegia, founded 1961 by Ludwig Guttmann at Stoke Mandeville, renamed 2001; professional society for spinal cord injury care, research, and the Annual Scientific Meeting.

International unit

International unit (IU), a unit of biological activity used for vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs; not SI-traceable, defined by WHO International Standards; insulin example 0.0347 mg per IU.

Internet addiction disorder

Internet addiction disorder is a proposed, unofficial diagnosis of uncontrolled general internet use, coined satirically in 1995; only gaming disorder is formally recognized (ICD-11), with prevalence estimates from 1–2% to 14% and CBT-based treatment evidence.

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) delivers CBT through structured online programs, guided by therapists or self-help, for depression and anxiety; trials show it works as well as face-to-face CBT.

Interneuron

Interneuron: a neuron that is neither motor nor sensory; commonly, a local GABAergic inhibitory cell of the cortex and hippocampus, about 20% of cortical neurons, with PV, SST, and 5HT3aR subgroups and links to epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism.

Internship (medicine)

Medical internship: supervised clinical training period for new medical graduates, also called house officer year or clerkship; lasts one to two years, varies by country, and was absorbed into US residency in 1970.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO, MLF syndrome) is impaired adduction of one eye on horizontal gaze with abducting nystagmus and preserved convergence, caused by a medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion, usually multiple sclerosis in the young or brainstem stroke in older adults.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) is a psychotherapy for bipolar disorder, developed at the University of Pittsburgh by Ellen Frank and colleagues, that stabilizes daily routines.

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy developed at Yale in the 1970s that treats depression by linking symptoms to grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.

Interpersonal theory of suicide

Interpersonal theory of suicide (IPTS), Joiner's 2005 ideation-to-action model: thwarted belongingness plus perceived burdensomeness create desire; acquired capability enables attempts; meta-analytically supported with modest effect sizes.

Interpersonal therapy

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that treats depression by linking mood symptoms to problems in close relationships, typically over 12 to 16 weekly sessions.

Interphalangeal joints of the hand

Interphalangeal joints of the hand (articulationes interphalangeales manus): nine synovial hinge joints, four PIP and four DIP plus the thumb IP joint, allowing flexion and extension; PIP provides 85% of finger grasping capability.

Interpleural Analgesia

Interpleural (intrapleural) analgesia: regional anesthesia injecting local anesthetic into the pleural cavity for retrograde spread to intercostal nerves; developed by Kvalheim and Reiestad 1984–1986; used after cholecystectomy, renal and breast surgery; limited by pneumothorax and toxicity.

Interplexiform cell

Interplexiform cell (IPC), a retinal amacrine-cell subtype or separate class with processes in both inner and outer plexiform layers; coined by Gallego 1971; carries one-way centrifugal feedback from inner to outer retina via dopaminergic, GABAergic, or glycinergic synapses.