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Leopold's maneuvers
Leopold's maneuvers: four abdominal palpation steps (fundal, umbilical, Pawlik, pelvic grips) devised by Christian Gerhard Leopold to determine fetal lie, presentation, engagement, and weight; accuracy varies with examiner and maternal BMI.
LEPAGA trial
LEPAGA (NCT02708836) is a recruiting randomized trial at Milton S. Hershey Medical Center testing deep extubation with LMA ventilation versus ETT-only emergence in 130 elective laparoscopic surgery patients.
Leper colony
A leper colony, also called a leprosarium or lazarette, is a segregated settlement where people with leprosy, now called Hansen's disease, were confined, widespread from the later 1800s.
Lepirudin
Lepirudin (Refludan, Refluden) is a yeast-derived recombinant hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II; approved 1997-1998, withdrawn in the EU in 2012 and the US in 2016.
Leprosy
Leprosy (Hansen disease), chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepromatosis, affecting skin and peripheral nerves; curable with multidrug therapy, ~174,000 new cases in 2022, mostly South-East Asia.
Leprosy reactions
Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory episodes, driven by the immune response to the leprosy bacterium, that occur before, during, or after treatment and cause most leprosy-related nerve damage.
Leptin
Leptin (from Greek leptos, thin) is a 160-kDa adipose-derived peptide hormone encoded by the ob gene, discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey Friedman's team; it signals fat stores to the brain via LepRb/JAK2/STAT3, and leptin resistance explains why metreleptin works in congenital leptin deficiency and lipodystrophy but not common obesity.
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, also called leptomeningeal metastasis or neoplastic meningitis, is spread of cancer cells within the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, affecting about 5% of cancer patients, most often from breast, lung cancer, or melanoma, diagnosed by CSF cytology and MRI.
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis, or Weil's disease in its severe icteric form, is a zoonotic spirochete infection caused by Leptospira, spread via animal urine in contaminated water; over 1 million cases and about 59,000 deaths occur yearly.
Lercanidipine
Lercanidipine (Zanidip) is a lipophilic third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for mild to moderate hypertension, dosed 10–20 mg once daily; approved in Europe and many countries but never FDA approved in the United States.
Lerdelimumab
Lerdelimumab (CAT-152, Trabio) is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody neutralizing TGF-β2, developed by Cambridge Antibody Technology and Genzyme to prevent scarring after trabeculectomy; phase III trials showed no benefit over placebo and development was discontinued.
Leri pleonosteosis
Leri pleonosteosis, also known as Léri's pleonosteosis, is a very rare autosomal dominant skeletal condition causing joint contractures, short stature, and spade-shaped broad thumbs and great toes.
Leriglitazone
Leriglitazone (MIN-102), marketed as Nezglyal, is a brain-penetrant selective PPARγ agonist and pioglitazone metabolite by Minoryx; EU-approved in 2026 as the first drug for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy in boys aged 2-12.
Lerisetron
Lerisetron (F-0930-RS2) is a 2-piperazinylbenzimidazole 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic developed by FAES Farma for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; it reached phase III trials but was never marketed.
Lerodalcibep
Lerodalcibep (Lerochol, lerodalcibep-liga; EU name Lyrokaul) is a third-generation PCSK9 inhibitor fusion protein (adnectin plus albumin) by LIB Therapeutics, dosed 300 mg subcutaneously monthly, FDA-approved 2025 for hypercholesterolemia including HeFH.
Leronlimab
Leronlimab (PRO 140, Vyrologix) is a humanized IgG4 anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody, formerly Progenics' and now CytoDyn's investigational HIV entry blocker; unapproved, with failed COVID-19 trials and ongoing cancer studies.
Les Mills
Les Mills: New Zealand group fitness brand founded by four-time Olympian Les Mills Snr in Auckland in 1968; Les Mills International licenses BODYPUMP, BODYCOMBAT, and 30+ programs to 22,000+ clubs with 130,000 instructors, plus the LES MILLS+ app.
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, an X-linked HPRT1 disorder (HPRT deficiency, Lesch–Nyhan disease), causes hyperuricemia, dystonia, and compulsive self-injury; allopurinol controls uric acid only.
Lesinurad
Lesinurad (Zurampic, RDEA594) is an oral URAT1 and OAT4 inhibitor uricosuric for gout hyperuricemia, approved in the US in 2015 and EU in 2016, used only with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and withdrawn from the EU in 2020 for commercial reasons.
Lesion
Lesion: any area of abnormal or damaged tissue caused by injury, infection, or disease, anywhere in the body; examples include wounds, ulcers, cysts, and tumors, benign or malignant.
Lesion network mapping
Lesion network mapping is a neuroimaging analysis method that links brain lesion locations to the symptoms they cause by mapping each lesion onto a normative human connectome.
Lesion of common peroneal nerve
Lesion of common peroneal nerve (peroneal nerve palsy, common fibular nerve dysfunction, ICD-10 G57.3): injury to the sciatic-nerve branch at the fibular neck causing foot drop, eversion weakness, and sensory loss; graded by Sunderland classification.
Lesion of femoral nerve
Lesion of femoral nerve (femoral neuropathy, ICD-11 8C11.2): damage to the L2–L4 femoral nerve causing weak knee extension and hip flexion. Main causes are compression and perioperative stretch; recovery is common but often incomplete.
Lesion of plantar nerve
Lesion of plantar nerve (ICD-11 8C11.6): damage to the medial or lateral plantar nerves, tibial nerve branches below the tarsal tunnel. Causes include entrapment, trauma, and surgery; presents with burning pain, paresthesias, jogger's foot, Morton's neuroma.
Lesion of radial nerve
Lesion of radial nerve (ICD-10 G56.3, ICD-11 8C10.2), also called radial neuropathy or radial nerve palsy: injury to the radial nerve causing wrist drop, most often from humeral fracture or compression, usually recovering with splinting.
Lesion of sciatic nerve
Lesion of sciatic nerve (ICD-11 8C11.0): disease or damage to the sciatic nerve trunk (L4-S3), causing sciatica, foot drop, and sensory loss; causes include trauma, compression, hip surgery, and piriformis syndrome.
Lesion of ulnar nerve
Lesion of ulnar nerve (ICD-11 8C10.1): ulnar neuropathy, usually cubital tunnel syndrome at the elbow or Guyon canal syndrome at the wrist; second most common upper-limb entrapment neuropathy, treated conservatively or surgically.
Lesion-symptom mapping
Lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) is a neuropsychological analysis method that statistically relates the locations of brain lesions, usually from stroke, to behavioral deficits, identifying which brain regions support specific cognitive functions.
Leslie Lemke
Leslie Lemke (born 1952, Milwaukee) is an American musical savant, blind with cerebral palsy and cognitive disability, who played Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 flawlessly at 14 after one hearing, without ever taking a piano lesson; raised by May Lemke, famous from 60 Minutes and Rain Man.
LESS CoV-2 study
LESS CoV-2 (RECOVAC LESS CoV-2 Study, NCT04841785) is a Dutch national prospective observational cohort study of long-term efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in CKD G4-G5, dialysis, and kidney transplant patients, enrolling 4,868 participants from 2021 to 2023.