Human health and medicine

Microangiopathy

Microangiopathy: disease of small blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries, venules). Covers diabetic microangiopathy (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TTP, HUS), plus cerebral small-vessel disease.

Microbial Colony Count

Microbial colony count estimates viable microorganisms as colony-forming units by pour plate, spread plate, membrane filtration, spiral plate, or MPN methods, with Poisson-based countable ranges such as 15-300 colonies per plate in FDA BAM and ISO standards.

Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases

Topical microbicides for STDs: vaginal or rectal gels and rings to prevent HIV and other STIs; dapivirine ring cuts HIV risk about 29%, tenofovir gel unconfirmed, nonoxynol-9 harmful.

Microbiological analysis

Microbiological analysis detects, identifies, and quantifies microorganisms in food, water, environmental, and clinical samples using culture, microscopy, immunoassay, PCR, and metagenomic methods, governed by standards such as ISO/TC 34/SC 9 and CDC biosafety guidance.

Microbiological Techniques

Microbiological techniques: laboratory methods to detect, culture, identify, and study microorganisms, from microscopy, Gram stain, and pure-culture methods to 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomics, PCR, and automated clinical diagnostics.

Microbubbles

Microbubbles are 1–10 µm gas-filled, lipid- or albumin-shelled intravenous contrast agents for ultrasound (CEUS), used in echocardiography and liver lesion characterization; distinct from CT/MRI agents, they stay intravascular, clear via the lungs, and carry no nephrotoxicity.

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II

MOPDII, or Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, is a rare autosomal recessive PCNT-related skeletal dysplasia with extreme short stature, microcephaly, abnormal teeth, insulin resistance, and global vascular disease including moyamoya and aneurysms.

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III

MOPD types I and III, or Taybi-Linder syndrome, a severe autosomal recessive primordial dwarfism from RNU4ATAC minor-spliceosome mutations on 2q14.2, causing microcephaly, brain malformations, skeletal dysplasia, and life expectancy often under 12 months.

Microcephaly

Microcephaly: head circumference more than 2 SD below the mean for age and sex, from genetic, infectious (TORCH, Zika), or environmental causes; no cure, supportive therapy only.

Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome

Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome, also called MIC-CAP syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by STAMBP gene mutations, marked by small head size at birth, widespread skin capillary malformations, and intractable epilepsy.

Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome

Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome, or Winship-Viljoen-Leary syndrome (OMIM 251220), is an autosomal recessive disorder combining severe microcephaly, intellectual deficit, and dilated cardiomyopathy, described in a handful of patients.

Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome

Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome, also known as SMO deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol metabolism caused by mutations in the MSMO1 gene.

Microcheilia

Microcheilia (ICD-11 LA54, ICD-10-CM Q18.7), also called congenital microcheilia or thin lips, is a congenital facial anomaly of below-normal lip size from failed antenatal lip development, distinct from macrocheilia.

Microchip implant (human)

Human microchip implant: subdermal RFID/NFC transponder for identification, access control, payment, and medical data. First implanted in Kevin Warwick on 24 August 1998; VeriChip FDA-approved 2004; passive, battery-free, rice-sized glass tag.

Microcystic stromal tumor

Microcystic stromal tumor (MST), a rare usually benign ovarian stromal tumor first described by Irving and Young in 2009, defined by microcysts, solid areas, fibrous stroma, CTNNB1 mutations, and CD10/β-catenin positivity.

Microcytic anemia

Microcytic anemia: anemia with small red cells, MCV under 80 fL in adults. Main causes are iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia trait, anemia of inflammation, sideroblastic anemia, and lead toxicity; ferritin is the first diagnostic test.

Microdermabrasion

Microdermabrasion is a cosmetic skin procedure that exfoliates the outermost skin layer with abrasive crystals or a diamond-tipped handpiece, treating photodamage, melasma, fine lines, and acne scars.

Microdiscectomy

Microdiscectomy is a surgical procedure that removes herniated lumbar disc material pressing on spinal nerve roots, through a small incision with an operating microscope, to relieve leg pain.

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) is a microsurgical procedure, introduced by P. N. Schlegel in 1999, that retrieves sperm for ICSI in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

Microdosimetric kinetic model

The microdosimetric kinetic (MK) model is a radiobiological model predicting cell survival and RBE for ion beams, introduced by Roland Hawkins in 1996 and used in Japanese carbon-ion therapy planning.

Microdosing

Microdosing: taking subperceptual intermittent doses of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin) for mood or cognition, or phase 0 subpharmacologic drug testing (1/100 dose, 100 µg max) in humans.

Microelectrode array

A microelectrode array (MEA), or multielectrode array, is a device with many microelectrodes on one substrate that record or stimulate neurons, in cell cultures or implanted in living tissue.

Microelectrode recording

Microelectrode recording (MER) is a neurosurgical technique that records single-neuron electrical activity to locate deep brain stimulation targets such as the subthalamic nucleus by their firing signatures.

Microelectrodes

Microelectrodes are micrometer-scale electrodes for recording or stimulating individual cells, chiefly glass micropipettes, metal, and solid-state types; developed from Barber's micropipettes through Graham and Gerard to modern high-density neural and cardiac arrays.

Microendoscopy

Microendoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique that passes miniaturized optical probes into the body to image living tissue at the cellular level, enabling targeted biopsies.

Microform holoprosencephaly

Microform holoprosencephaly (microform HPE, HPE minor form) is the mildest holoprosencephaly-spectrum condition: subtle midline facial anomalies such as hypotelorism and single maxillary incisor with normal brain imaging, and a recurrence risk for classic HPE in offspring.

Microglia

Microglia are the resident macrophages and innate immune cells of the CNS parenchyma, discovered by Pío del Río-Hortega in 1918, of yolk sac origin, about 10–15% of glial cells, with diverse disease-associated states beyond the obsolete M1/M2 scheme.

Micrognathia

Micrognathia (mandibular hypoplasia, ICD-11 DA0E.00) is an abnormally small lower jaw causing infant feeding and breathing problems, linked to syndromes like Pierre Robin, and treated with MDO surgery.

Microlissencephaly

Microlissencephaly (MLIS), increasingly called microcephaly with lissencephaly, is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder combining lissencephaly with severe congenital microcephaly, presenting in newborns with seizures, spasticity, and severe developmental delay.