Human health and medicine

Postcardiotomy syndrome

Postcardiotomy syndrome, also called postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS), is an inflammatory illness of the heart and lung linings after cardiac surgery, causing fever and chest pain days to weeks later.

Postcholecystectomy syndrome

Postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS), also called post-cholecystectomy biliary dyspepsia, is persistent or new abdominal and gastrointestinal symptoms after gallbladder removal, affecting roughly 10%-47% of patients, driven by altered bile flow, retained stones, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, or functional gut-brain disorders.

Postencephalitic parkinsonism

Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP), a sequela of encephalitis lethargica (von Economo's disease), is a tauopathy causing parkinsonism with oculogyric crises after the 1916-1930 epidemic; distinct from Parkinson's disease by neurofibrillary tangles and absent alpha-synuclein.

Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy

Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy, also known as posterior amorphous stromal dystrophy, is a rare inherited eye condition with sheet-like opacities in the back corneal stroma, causing mild vision loss.

Posterior blepharitis

Posterior blepharitis (後部眼瞼炎), ICD-11 9A02.1, is inflammation of the back eyelid margin, typically meibomian gland dysfunction; treated with warm compresses, lid hygiene, and antibiotics, with no strong cure evidence.

Posterior capsulotomy

Posterior capsulotomy is an Nd:YAG laser procedure that cuts an opening in an opacified posterior lens capsule to restore vision lost to clouding after cataract surgery, with success above 95%.

Posterior cerebral artery

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA, arteria cerebri posterior): terminal basilar artery branch supplying occipital and temporal lobes, midbrain, thalamus; P1–P4 segments; fetal-type variant in 20–32%; PCA stroke causes homonymous hemianopia.

Posterior cerebral artery syndrome

Posterior cerebral artery syndrome: deficits from infarction in the PCA territory (occipital, temporal lobes, thalamus, midbrain), causing homonymous hemianopia, sensory and neuropsychological deficits, mostly from embolism.

Posterior column ataxia-retinitis pigmentosa syndrome

Posterior column ataxia-retinitis pigmentosa syndrome (PCARP, OMIM 609033) is an autosomal recessive FLVCR1-related disorder with childhood-onset sensory ataxia from spinal posterior column degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness; about 20 cases reported.

Posterior component separation

Posterior component separation (PCS) is an abdominal wall reconstruction technique that divides the posterior rectus sheath, allowing fascial closure of large ventral hernia defects wider than 10 cm.

Posterior cortical atrophy

Posterior cortical atrophy (Benson's syndrome) is a rare young-onset dementia syndrome of visuospatial and perceptual decline from parieto-occipital atrophy, usually caused by Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Posterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): strongest knee ligament, behind the ACL, primary restraint to posterior tibial translation; two bundles, injured by dashboard or fall on bent knee, often treated nonoperatively.

Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure that replaces a torn PCL, the knee's largest intra-articular ligament, with a tendon graft to restore posterior knee stability.

Posterior dislocation of hip

Posterior dislocation of hip: backward displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum, about 90% of hip dislocations, usually from dashboard-type trauma; emergency closed reduction, risks avascular necrosis, arthritis, sciatic nerve injury.

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), also called retrobulbar ischemic optic neuropathy, is sudden painless vision loss from ischemia of the posterior optic nerve with a normal initial fundus. Three subtypes: non-arteritic, arteritic (giant cell arteritis), and perioperative, most often after spine surgery.

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is a spinal operation that stabilizes a painful lumbar segment by removing the disc and packing the space with bone graft in bilateral cages.

Posterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): neural posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, derived from hypothalamic downgrowth, storing and releasing hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin into the circulation.

Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy

Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD, Schlichting dystrophy) is a rare autosomal dominant corneal endothelial dystrophy with vesicular, band-like, and diffuse Descemet membrane opacities, subtypes PPCD1-4 linked to OVOL2, COL8A2, ZEB1, and GRHL2, and variable severity from asymptomatic to glaucoma and corneal edema.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES, RPLS): clinicoradiological disorder of headache, seizures, encephalopathy, and visual loss with posterior vasogenic edema, triggered by hypertension, eclampsia, immunosuppression, and renal failure; not always reversible, with 10–19% mortality.

Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty

Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) is a pediatric operation, introduced in 1982, that repairs anorectal malformations by dissecting through the midline to place a new anus within the sphincter muscle complex.

Posterior superior intercostal plane block

The posterior superior intercostal plane block, or SPSIP block, is an ultrasound-guided fascial plane block, described in 2023 by Tulgar and colleagues, that provides analgesia for thoracic and breast surgery.

Posterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery (arteria tibialis posterior): terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplying the deep posterior calf and plantar foot, palpable behind the medial malleolus, used in pulse grading and ABI measurement.

Posterior tibial tendonitis

Posterior tibial tendonitis, also called PTTD or adult-acquired flatfoot, is inflammation or degeneration of the arch-supporting posterior tibial tendon, causing medial ankle pain and progressive flatfoot deformity, staged I to IV and treated first with orthoses and exercise.

Posterior urethral valve

Posterior urethral valve (PUV), a congenital obstructing membrane in the male posterior urethra attached to the verumontanum; the leading cause of pediatric lower urinary tract obstruction, affecting roughly 1 in 5,000 male births with substantial kidney failure risk.

Posterior vitreous detachment

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), separation of the vitreous gel from the retina, an age-related cause of flashes and floaters; risk of retinal tears rises with floaters, hemorrhage, and vitreous pigment, requiring dilated examination and 6-week follow-up.

Oct 20, 2026

Postgraduate medicine

Postgraduate medicine: medical education after the primary medical degree, and the name of several journals, chiefly the British Postgraduate Medical Journal (Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, 1925, now Oxford University Press) and the American Postgraduate Medicine (Charles Mayo, roots 1916, Taylor & Francis).

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic polyneuropathy (ICD-11 1E91.5), also called postherpetic neuralgia, is chronic dermatomal neuropathic pain after shingles, caused by VZV reactivation damaging sensory nerves; affects 5–30% of zoster patients, mostly elderly.

Postictal state

The postictal state, also called the postictal phase, is the temporary period of confusion and other symptoms that follows an epileptic seizure, lasting minutes to days.

Postinfectious arthropathies

Postinfectious arthropathies (ICD-11 FA12) are joint disorders following infection elsewhere in the body, subdivided into bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic forms, distinct from reactive arthropathies and septic arthritis.