727 articles
Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza: the mutualistic symbiosis between soil fungi and plant roots, in which fungi receive plant carbon and supply phosphorus and nitrogen. Covers AM and ECM types, 85% plant coverage, 407-million-year fossils, and the contested wood wide web.
Mycorrhizal inoculum and biofertilizer use
Mycorrhizal inoculum is living material of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, usually spores and colonized roots in a carrier, applied to crops and soils to improve nutrient uptake.
Mycorrhizal network
A mycorrhizal network, popularly called the Wood Wide Web, is an underground fungal web linking the roots of multiple plants, allowing nutrients and signals to move between them.
Mycosphaerella
Mycosphaerella (Johanson 1884) is a genus of leaf-infecting ascomycete fungi in Mycosphaerellaceae, once with about 3,000 species; shown polyphyletic, it is now a rejected name synonymized under Ramularia, with former species causing black Sigatoka and ring spot.
Mycotoxin
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by moulds such as Aspergillus and Fusarium that contaminate cereals, nuts, spices, and dried fruits. Key toxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol, regulated by Codex, EU, and FDA limits.
Mycotoxin decontamination and biocontrol
Mycotoxin decontamination and biocontrol are pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies for reducing fungal toxins in crops: biocontrol with atoxigenic Aspergillus strains, physical treatments, adsorbents, and chemical detoxification.
Mycotoxin detection and regulation
Mycotoxin detection and regulation cover the analytical methods and legal maximum limits for fungal toxins in food and feed, set by authorities in the EU, US, and Canada.
Myriostoma
Myriostoma, the pepperpot earthstars, is a genus of Geastraceae fungi with a multi-stalked, many-pored spore sac. Once monotypic under Myriostoma coliforme, it was split into several species by 2017 integrative taxonomy.
Myriostoma coliforme
Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda, the pepper pot earthstar, is a rare gasteroid fungus (Geastraceae) with multiple endoperidial stomata and stalks and reticulate spores; a 2017 study split it into four species, restricting it to Europe, North America, and Hawai'i.
Nakaseomyces glabratus
Nakaseomyces glabratus, formerly Candida glabrata, is a haploid commensal yeast and the second most common cause of candidemia in several countries, marked by fluconazole resistance and echinocandin first-line therapy.
National Collection of Yeast Cultures
National Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC), UK yeast culture collection at Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich. Over 4,400 strains, 600+ brewing strains, Budapest Treaty IDA, ISO 9001, liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried preservation.
Nectria
Nectria (Fr.) Fr. 1849, type N. cinnabarina, a genus of Nectriaceae fungi (Hypocreales) that are saprophytes or weak parasites of woody plants, causing coral spot, twig blight, and Nectria canker; not the sea-star genus Nectria Gray, 1840.
Neoboletus venenatus
Neoboletus venenatus (ドクヤマドリ), formerly Boletus venenatus, is a poisonous Japanese bolete of subalpine conifer forests; its isolectin toxins cause vomiting and diarrhea about 2 hours after eating.
Neotropical species of Boletus
Neotropical species of Boletus are bolete fungi described from Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, many since reassigned to other genera of the Boletaceae by molecular phylogenetics.
Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium, a former form genus of asexual, seed-transmitted grass endophytes (Clavicipitaceae) split from Acremonium in 1996 and synonymized under Epichloë in 2014; source of fescue toxicosis and ryegrass staggers.
Nephroma
Nephroma (kidney-lichens) is a genus of about 35–40 foliose cyanolichens in Nephromataceae, Peltigerales, with kidney-shaped apothecia on the lower lobe surface, Nostoc photobionts, and old-growth indicator value.
Neurospora
Neurospora, orange bread mold fungi; species N. crassa, N. intermedia, N. sitophila. Model organism where Beadle and Tatum's 1941 work established one gene, one enzyme, winning the 1958 Nobel Prize.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa, red bread mold, is a filamentous ascomycete fungus and classic genetic model organism. Beadle and Tatum's 1941 one gene-one enzyme experiments earned the 1958 Nobel Prize; its 40 Mb, 7-chromosome genome was the first sequenced among filamentous fungi.
Nidula
Nidula is a genus of bird's nest fungi (Nidulariaceae, Agaricales), described in 1902 with about seven accepted species such as N. candida and N. shingbaensis; its cordless, gel-embedded, sticky peridioles distinguish it from Cyathus and Crucibulum.
Nidularia
Nidularia (Fr. 1817) is the type genus of the bird's nest fungi family Nidulariaceae, with globose fruiting bodies whose thin peridium dehisces at maturity; peridioles lack funiculi, sit in gel, and splash only about 1.5 cm, unlike Cyathus and Crucibulum.
Nidulariaceae
Nidulariaceae, the bird's nest fungi, are saprotrophic Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with cup-shaped fruiting bodies whose peridioles are rain-splash dispersed; genera include Cyathus, Crucibulum, Nidula, Nidularia, Mycocalia, and Retiperidiolia.
North American and European edible mushroom sectors
The North American and European edible mushroom sectors are the commercial industries growing, importing, and selling cultivated food mushrooms across Europe, the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Nosema apis
Nosema apis, now Vairimorpha (=Nosema) apis, is a microsporidian gut parasite of the western honey bee causing winter nosemosis with dysentery; oval 6 × 3 μm spores, over 30 polar tube turns, diagnosed by microscopy and PCR.
Nosema ceranae
Nosema ceranae (now often Vairimorpha ceranae) is a microsporidian gut parasite of honey bees, described from Apis cerana in China in 1996, that jumped to Apis mellifera and is now the predominant Nosema species worldwide, with a 96-hour life cycle in midgut epithelial cells.
Nutritional yeast
Nutritional yeast (nooch) is deactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on molasses, killed by heat, sold as savory vegan seasoning; complete protein, fortified with B12, no leavening power.
Oakmoss
Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) is a strap-lobed lichen of the Northern Hemisphere and the source of oakmoss absolute, the earthy backbone of chypre perfumery, now IFRA-restricted for atranol and chloroatranol content.
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin from Aspergillus and Penicillium moulds discovered in 1965, contaminates cereals, wine, coffee, and pork; it is nephrotoxic, IARC group 2B, with JECFA PTWI 100 ng/kg bw and EU limits 0.5–10 μg/kg.
Ocular microsporidiosis
Ocular microsporidiosis is infection of the eye by microsporidia, spore-forming parasites, causing either superficial keratoconjunctivitis or deeper stromal keratitis; it occurs mostly with end-stage HIV but also in healthy people.
Omphalotaceae
Omphalotaceae (Bresinsky 1985) is a family of marasmioid gilled fungi in Agaricales, suborder Marasmiineae, with about 10 genera and 600 species including Gymnopus, Lentinula, Marasmiellus, Mycetinis, Omphalotus, and Rhodocollybia; its two largest genera are polyphyletic.
Omphalotus olearius
Omphalotus olearius, known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom or Clitocybe olearia, is a poisonous orange mushroom of southern Europe whose gills glow faint green in the dark.