Rosids

Myrtales

Myrtales (Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, 1820), also called Epilobiales, is an order of eudicot flowering plants in the malvids with nine families, about 13,000 species, a Gondwanan origin, and major families Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae.

Myrtus

Myrtus is a small genus of aromatic Myrtaceae shrubs, type species Myrtus communis (common myrtle, arrayán, mirto), native Macaronesia to Pakistan; modern reviews recognize two species, M. communis and Saharan M. nivellei, used in medicine, food, and perfumery.

Myrtus communis

Myrtus communis (common myrtle), an evergreen Myrtaceae shrub native from Macaronesia to Pakistan, used in folk medicine and food; rich in essential oils and polyphenols, IUCN least concern, not yet a regulatory-approved drug.

Nephelium

Nephelium is a Sapindaceae genus of 22 tropical Asian tree species from Indo-China to western Malesia, including rambutan (N. lappaceum) and pulasan (N. ramboutan-ake), fruit trees with arillate seeds.

Neroli

Neroli is the steam-distilled essential oil of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium var. amara) blossoms, named after the Princess of Nerola; key note of eau de cologne, ~0.1% yield, mainly from Tunisia.

Nothofagus alpina

Nothofagus alpina, raulí, is a deciduous southern beech of Chile and southwest Argentina, reaching 45 m and 650–800 years, prized for rose-coloured timber and widely planted in Chilean silviculture; IUCN Least Concern.

Nothofagus dombeyi

Nothofagus dombeyi, coihue or coigüe (Dombey's beech), an evergreen southern beech (Nothofagaceae) up to 40 m, dominant in Chilean-Argentine Patagonian forests from Colchagua to Aysén; IUCN Least Concern, hard timber tree.

Nut (food)

Nut (food): edible hard-shelled kernels including true botanical nuts, drupes, and seeds such as almonds, walnuts, pistachios, and peanuts. Eaten since prehistoric times; linked to lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality; main hazard is aflatoxin.

Oak

Oak (Quercus, Fagaceae): about 425 species of acorn-bearing trees and shrubs of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, wind-pollinated, prone to hybridization yet genetically distinct, vital to wildlife and timber.

Ochnaceae

Ochnaceae DC. (including Medusagynaceae and Quiinaceae) is a conserved pantropical family of Malpighiales: about 500-550 species, 30-37 genera of evergreen trees and shrubs with stipules, yellow petals, and superior ovaries.

Ochroma

Ochroma (balsa tree, Ochroma pyramidale) is a monotypic Malvaceae genus native from S. Mexico to tropical America. Its wood, 60–380 kg/m³, is the lightest commercial timber, used in sandwich panels; Ecuador supplies 80–90% of trade.

Oenothera

Oenothera (evening primroses) is a New World genus of about 140-156 herbaceous species in Onagraceae, famous as de Vries's mutation-theory plant, with biparental chloroplast inheritance, Renner complexes, and seed oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid.

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera biennis, the common evening primrose, is a biennial herb native to North America with bright yellow flowers that open at night, grown as the source of evening primrose oil.

Onagraceae

Onagraceae, the evening primrose family (Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons., 1789), a Myrtales family of about 650 species in 22-23 genera, mostly New World herbs and shrubs with 4-merous flowers, inferior ovaries, and viscin-threaded pollen; includes Oenothera, Fuchsia, Clarkia, Epilobium, Ludwigia.

Onobrychis viciifolia

Onobrychis viciifolia (common sainfoin) is a perennial Fabaceae forage legume native to Central and SE Europe, non-bloating due to condensed tannins, drought tolerant via a deep taproot, and under study as a protein-rich perennial pulse crop.

Ornithopus

Ornithopus (bird's-foot, serradella) is a genus of six annual legume species in Fabaceae, tribe Loteae, native from Macaronesia and Europe to Iran and disjunctly to South America; O. sativus is a widely sown forage legume on acidic sandy soils.

Ornithopus sativus

Ornithopus sativus, known as French serradella or pink serradella, is an annual legume in the pea family, native to southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa and grown as forage.

Oxalidaceae

Oxalidaceae, the wood sorrel family (Oxalidales), is a nearly cosmopolitan flowering-plant family of 5 genera, Averrhoa, Biophytum, Dapania, Oxalis, and Sarcotheca, and roughly 570-800 species, including star fruit, bilimbi, and oca.

Oxalidales

Oxalidales (Bercht. & J.Presl 1820) is a rosid order of flowering plants in the COM clade, containing Oxalidaceae, Connaraceae, Brunelliaceae, Cephalotaceae, Cunoniaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae, with Huaceae now excluded by phylogenomic work.

Oxalis

Oxalis, commonly known as wood sorrel, is a large genus of flowering plants with clover-like leaves, five-petaled flowers twisted in the bud, and tissues rich in oxalic acid.

Oxalis acetosella

Oxalis acetosella, wood sorrel (Wald-Sauerklee, Alléluia), a small perennial Oxalidaceae herb of shady Eurasian woods, with white purple-veined flowers, sour oxalic-acid leaves, and a Europe-to-Japan native range.

Oxalis triangularis

Oxalis triangularis (purple shamrock, false shamrock; synonym Oxalis regnellii) is a tuberous South American wood sorrel grown as a houseplant, with triangular purple leaves that fold at night via nyctinastic pulvinus movement and tart edible foliage.

Oxyrhynchus

Oxyrhynchus (Oxyrhynchus Brandegee), a genus of twining Fabaceae legumes published in 1912; species include O. volubilis (twining bluehood) and O. papuanus, native from Mexico to Colombia, the Bahamas to Cuba, and Maluku to Papuasia.

Oxytropis

Oxytropis (locoweed genus) is a Fabaceae legume genus of about 400 species across subarctic and temperate Northern Hemisphere, distinguished from Astragalus by a pointed keel petal; some species carry swainsonine-producing endophytic fungi toxic to livestock.

Pachira aquatica

Pachira aquatica, the Guiana-chestnut or money tree, is a wetland Bombacoideae tree from Mexico to South America; type of its genus, edible seeds, braided houseplant form, Least Concern.

Pachycereus

Pachycereus, Mexican columnar cactus genus (Britton & Rose 1909) with five accepted species including the giant cardón Pachycereus pringlei, up to 20 m tall, bat-pollinated, native only to Mexico.

Pachyrhizus

Pachyrhizus is a genus of five Neotropical legume species known as yam beans, three cultivated for their edible tuberous roots, including the Mexican species jicama.

Paliurus

Paliurus (Jerusalem thorn) is a genus of five spiny shrub and tree species in Rhamnaceae, tribe Paliureae, native from southern Europe and southwest Asia to East Asia, recognized by dry orbicular-winged wind-dispersed fruits and a rich Northern Hemisphere fossil record.

Pando (tree)

Pando (Latin "I spread"), the trembling giant, is a single male quaking aspen clone in Fishlake National Forest, Utah: about 47,000 genetically identical stems across 106 acres, roughly 13 million pounds, and estimated 12,000–80,000 years old.