2,112 articles
Solanine
Solanine (α-solanine, CAS 20562-02-1) is a toxic steroidal glycoalkaloid of nightshade plants, mainly potatoes, with a solanidine aglycone; acute LOAEL 1 mg/kg body weight, heat-stable, concentrated in peel, sprouts, and green tissue.
Solanum
Solanum (nightshades) is the largest genus of Solanaceae, about 1,200-1,400 species, cosmopolitan, originating in South America; includes potato, tomato, and eggplant, divided into 13 clades.
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum aethiopicum, African or scarlet eggplant, garden eggs, bitter tomato: a Solanaceae cultigen domesticated in northeast Africa from Solanum anguivi, with Gilo, Shum, Kumba, and Aculeatum cultivar groups, grown across sub-Saharan Africa for fruits and leaves.
Solanum aviculare
Solanum aviculare (poroporo, kangaroo apple) is a diploid (2n=46) Solanum shrub native to New Zealand, eastern Australia, and New Guinea, with mauve flowers and orange berries, cultivated for solasodine steroid precursors and distinct from the tetraploid S. laciniatum.
Solanum dulcamara
Solanum dulcamara, bittersweet or woody nightshade, a toxic Solanaceae vine native to Eurasia and North Africa, invasive in North America, with red glycoalkaloid berries and EU-approved stem preparations for mild eczema.
Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) is a hexaploid Solanaceae herb native from Europe to temperate East Asia and tropical Africa, with white flowers, dull black berries, solanine glycoalkaloids, and long use in TCM and as cooked food.
Solanum sessiliflorum
Solanum sessiliflorum, cocona, cubiu, topiro, Orinoco apple, or peach tomato: an Amazonian Solanaceae fruit crop native to western Amazonia, grown at 200–1000 m, rich in vitamin C, iron, and bioactive flavonoids, used for juices, jams, and medicine.
Solanum torvum
Solanum torvum, turkey berry, devil's fig, pea eggplant: a prickly Solanaceae shrub native from Mexico to South America and the Caribbean, naturalized pantropically, grown for small edible berries, traditional medicine, and eggplant rootstock.
Soleirolia soleirolii
Soleirolia soleirolii, baby's tears or mind-your-own-business (Helxine soleirolii), a creeping evergreen Urticaceae perennial from the west-central Mediterranean, grown as a moss-like ground cover and houseplant, spreading from tiny stem fragments.
Solidago
Solidago (goldenrod), Asteraceae genus of about 140 species mostly native to North America; S. canadensis, S. gigantea, S. altissima are invasive in Europe and Asia; S. virgaurea is a medicinal herb.
Solidago virgaurea
Solidago virgaurea L., European goldenrod, is a perennial Asteraceae herb native from western Europe to Central Siberia and Luzon, type species of Solidago, used as Solidaginis virgaureae herba for urinary tract conditions.
Soliva
Soliva Ruiz & Pav. (burrweed, onehunga weed) is a small Asteraceae genus in tribe Anthemideae, native Mexico to South America, with about 6 species; Soliva sessilis is a spiny-fruited lawn burweed naturalized worldwide.
Sonchus
Sonchus (sow thistles), genus of about 98-99 Asteraceae species in tribe Cichorieae, native Old World to Australia and Pacific islands; wild greens, medicines, fodder, and major weeds such as S. oleraceus.
Sonchus oleraceus
Sonchus oleraceus (annual or common sowthistle) is a cosmopolitan Asteraceae weed native to Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Sahara to Arabia, reproducing only by wind-dispersed seed and a major herbicide-resistant crop weed, also used as food and medicine.
Sophora
Sophora (necklacepod) is a genus of 64 accepted legume species (Fabaceae) with pinnate leaves and moniliform pods, cosmopolitan from Asia to the Pacific, originating ca. 31 Mya in Central Asia, rich in quinolizidine alkaloids.
Sophora flavescens
Sophora flavescens (Kushen, 苦参), shrubby sophora or bitter ginseng, is a Fabaceae subshrub native from Siberia to temperate East Asia whose alkaloid- and flavonoid-rich root is a major traditional Chinese medicine.
Sorbus
Sorbus L. (rowans, whitebeams, service trees) is a Rosaceae genus of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs; type species S. aucuparia, polyphyletic in the broad sense, split into several genera, with apomixis and polyploidy driving its many microspecies.
Sorbus aucuparia
Sorbus aucuparia, rowan or European mountain ash, is a Rosaceae tree native from Europe to Iran and East Asia, with white corymbs and orange-red berries, widely planted, least concern, fireblight-susceptible.
Sorrel
Sorrel, chiefly common sorrel (Rumex acetosa, garden sorrel), a sour-leaved perennial dock of Polygonaceae native to temperate Eurasia and NW Africa, used in sauces, salads, and herbal medicine; high in oxalic acid; distinct from wood sorrel (Oxalis) and roselle.
Soursop
Soursop (Annona muricata, graviola, guanábana) is a tropical Annonaceae tree with large spined green fruit, over 200 phytochemicals including neurotoxic-potential acetogenins, traditional and supplement use against cancer, and no established safe intake level.
Spartium junceum
Spartium junceum, known as Spanish broom (Spanish: retama de olor), is a shrub in the legume family, native to the Mediterranean and grown for fragrant yellow flowers but invasive elsewhere.
Spearmint
Spearmint (Mentha spicata), also called garden mint, is a strongly aromatic perennial herb grown worldwide as a culinary herb and source of carvone-rich essential oil.
Spergula
Spergula (spurry) is a Caryophyllaceae genus of annual herbs, published by Linnaeus in 1753, native to temperate Eurasia and southern South America; S. arvensis, corn spurrey, is a cereal weed producing 5,000-10,000 seeds per plant.
Spergula arvensis
Spergula arvensis (corn spurrey, corn spurry, sandweed) is an annual Caryophyllaceae weed of sandy acid arable land, native from Europe to NW. India and tropical Africa, with tiny whorled linear leaves, white flowers, a persistent seed bank, and ALS-herbicide-resistant biotypes in Norway.
Spergularia
Spergularia, sand-spurreys or sea-spurreys, a conserved genus of about 60-67 herbs in Caryophyllaceae, type S. rubra, diverse in the Mediterranean and temperate South America, mostly in saline coastal habitats.
Spermacoce alata
Spermacoce alata Aubl. (syn. Borreria alata, S. latifolia), broadleaf buttonweed, a Rubiaceae herb native from Colombia to northern South America and W. Brazil, naturalized weed and medicinal plant in Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
Spice
Spice: dried plant parts (fruits, seeds, bark, rhizomes, buds) used for flavor, color, preservation, or medicine; allspice (Pimenta dioica) is the only major spice native to the New World, with Jamaica producing about 70% of world supply.
Spikenard
Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi, jatamansi, Sumbul-ut-Tib) is a critically endangered Himalayan aromatic herb, CITES Appendix II listed, used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine, with Nepal supplying most global rhizome trade.
Spinach
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), an Amaranthaceae leafy vegetable domesticated in ancient Persia, spread to 7th-century China and Moorish Spain; dioecious cool-season crop, ~26.7 Mt production, high oxalate, downy mildew breeding.
Spinacia
Spinacia (spinach genus) is a small Amaranthaceae genus, formerly Chenopodiaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753, native from West and Central Asia to SW Siberia; type species Spinacia oleracea, cultivated spinach.