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Temperate coniferous forest
Temperate coniferous forest: a mid-latitude, often montane forest biome dominated by evergreen conifers such as pines, spruces, and firs, with 300 to 900 mm annual precipitation (up to 2,000 mm), cold snowy winters, and dominance on cold, infertile, or fire-prone sites.
Temperate rainforest
Temperate rainforest: rare cool, moist coastal forest biome (under 1% of land, 2.5% of forest cover) formed where mountains trap ocean moisture; found in the Pacific Northwest, Chile, New Zealand, and Australia; world's most carbon-dense forests.
Tephrosia
Tephrosia (hoarypea) is a conserved genus of about 350-400 pantropical legumes in Fabaceae, tribe Millettieae, richest in Africa-Madagascar; many species produce rotenone and are used as fish poisons, green manure, and medicine.
Terminalia
Terminalia L. is a genus of tropical trees and shrubs in Combretaceae, first published in 1767, with roughly 200-278 accepted species. Known for Terminalia-type branching, winged fruits, valuable timber, and medicinal species such as T. chebula and T. catappa.
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia arjuna (arjuna, arjun tree), a Combretaceae tree native to the Indian subcontinent to Myanmar; its bark is an Ayurvedic cardiotonic studied in heart failure and angina trials.
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa (tropical almond, Indian almond, ketapang) is a coastal Combretaceae tree native to the Indo-Pacific, grown for shade and edible seeds, with buoyant salt-tolerant seeds that make it invasive in Florida and the Caribbean.
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula (haritaki, chebulic myrobalan), Combretaceae tree of South Asia; dried fruit Chebulae Fructus used in Ayurveda, TCM, and Triphala; rich in hydrolyzable tannins like chebulagic acid.
Terminalia ivorensis
Terminalia ivorensis (framire, idigbo, black afara) is a Vulnerable West African Combretaceae timber tree from Guinea to Cameroon, grown in plantations for oak-like wood, shade, medicine, and dye.
Terminalia superba
Terminalia superba (limba, fraké) is a large West and Central African Combretaceae timber tree, a light-demanding pioneer traded as one of Africa's major timbers and used in traditional medicine.
Terrarium
Terrarium: a sealed or partly sealed glass container growing plants as a miniature ecosystem, also called a Wardian case after inventor Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1829); recycles water, needs watering only every 3-6 months.
Tetraclinis articulata
Tetraclinis articulata, the sandarac tree, also known as the arar tree or Barbary thuja, is the sole species of its conifer genus, a Mediterranean evergreen that is the source of sandarac resin.
Tetradium ruticarpum
Tetradium ruticarpum (吳茱萸, Wu Zhu Yu, evodia; formerly Euodia ruticarpa) is a Rutaceae tree of the Himalaya to China and Taiwan whose dried fruit is a traditional East Asian medicine for headache and gastrointestinal disorders.
Tetraxylopteris
Tetraxylopteris is an extinct genus of Devonian progymnosperm that combined fern-like sporing reproduction with wood-producing anatomy, established by Charles Beck in 1957 from New York.
Teucrium
Teucrium (germander), Lamiaceae genus published by Linnaeus in 1753; about 250–300 species, cosmopolitan with Mediterranean center of diversity, 1-lipped corolla, neo-clerodane diterpenoids, paraphyletic without Teucridium, Spartothamnella, Oncinocalyx.
Teucrium chamaedrys
Teucrium chamaedrys (wall germander), Lamiaceae subshrub native to Europe to Iran, used in folk medicine and as a slimming remedy; its diterpenoid teucrin A causes documented hepatitis.
Teucrium polium
Teucrium polium (mountain germander), Lamiaceae medicinal plant of the Mediterranean and Middle East, used for diabetes and lipids; documented cause of hepatitis, liver failure, and kidney toxicity.
Teucrium scorodonia
Teucrium scorodonia, known as wood sage or woodland germander, is a perennial subshrub in the mint family native to Europe, Madeira, and Tunisia, despite not being a true sage.
Thalictrum
Thalictrum, meadow-rue, is a genus of about 200–217 perennial Ranunculaceae herbs with petal-less flowers, worldwide mainly temperate distribution, repeated wind-pollination evolution, and medicinal benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
Thapsia
Thapsia (deadly carrots) is a western Mediterranean Apiaceae genus of toxic perennial herbs; Thapsia garganica yields thapsigargin, a subnanomolar SERCA inhibitor used in calcium signaling research and prodrug anticancer development.
The Great Banyan
The Great Banyan, a 270-year-old Ficus benghalensis in the AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, near Kolkata, lives without its main trunk (removed 1925) and spreads a roughly 4-acre canopy on over 4,000 prop roots.
The Orchid Thief
The Orchid Thief (1998) is Susan Orlean's Random House bestseller about orchid obsession and plant crime, centered on John Laroche's 1994 Fakahatchee Strand ghost orchid poaching arrest; basis for the 2002 film Adaptation.
Theaceae
Theaceae, the tea family (Camelliaceae), is an Ericales family of trees and shrubs including Camellia sinensis (tea), C. oleifera (oil), and ornamentals; eight accepted genera, Asia and the Americas, absent from Africa.
Thelymitra crinita
Thelymitra crinita, the Blue Lady or Queen Orchid, is a sky-blue sun orchid endemic to south-west Western Australia, described by Lindley in 1840, flowering September to December, pollinated deceptively by native bees.
Themeda
Themeda Forssk. is a genus of about 28 accepted C4 grass species in Poaceae, native from the Old World tropics to the SW Pacific. Its best-known species, Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass, red oat grass), is a dominant fire-adapted forage grass across Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Theobroma
Theobroma is a Neotropical genus of about 20-23 Malvaceae trees, named by Linnaeus in 1753 ('food of the gods'); type species T. cacao, source of chocolate, plus cupuaçu and pataxte.
Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacao, the cacao or cocoa tree, is a Malvaceae evergreen whose seeds give chocolate. Upper Amazon origin, use from ~5,300 years ago, 71% of output from Africa, record 2023/24 prices.
Thesium
Thesium (Santalaceae) is a genus of about 350 root hemiparasitic herbs and shrubs described by Linnaeus in 1753, centered in southern Africa; Thesium chinense is its most-used medicinal species.
Thevetia
Thevetia (syn. Cascabela in part) is a small Apocynaceae genus native from Mexico to southern tropical America and Cuba, with three accepted species; its best-known member, the yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia, syn. Thevetia peruviana), is a poisonous ornamental containing cardiac glycosides such as thevetin and peruvoside.
Thinopyrum
Thinopyrum (wheatgrasses), genus of perennial Triticeae grasses erected by Á.Löve in 1980 with about 15 species; wild relatives of wheat valued for salt-tolerance genes and domesticated as the perennial grain Kernza (Th. intermedium).
Thistle
Thistle: spiny Asteraceae plants, chiefly Cirsium plus Carduus, Onopordum, and Silybum. Covers evolution, weedy Canada thistle biology, organic and grazing management, biocontrol risks, native thistle ecology, and milk thistle's medicinal use.