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Palm vinegar
Palm vinegar is vinegar made by fermenting the sweet sap of palms such as nipa, coconut, kaong, and buri, a tradition across Southeast Asia and the Philippines.
Palm wine
Palm wine, also called toddy, tuba, or tuak, is an alcoholic beverage made by spontaneous fermentation of sap tapped from coconut, oil palm, date palm, and raffia palms, reaching up to about 5% alcohol within a day and consumed across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Panax
Panax (人参属) is the ginseng genus of Araliaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753 with 15 accepted species native from the Himalaya to Japan and eastern North America; it includes P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, key medicinal herbs containing ginsenosides.
Panax ginseng
Panax ginseng (인삼, Asian or Korean ginseng), a slow-growing Araliaceae herb native to Korea, northeastern China, and far-eastern Siberia; its ginsenoside-containing root is a widely used supplement with no conclusive clinical evidence for treating any disease.
Panax notoginseng
Panax notoginseng (三七, Sanqi, Tianqi, notoginseng) is a threatened perennial Araliaceae herb native to SE Yunnan and N. Vietnam, cultivated over 400 years in Wenshan; its saponins (ginsenosides R1, Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Re) are used in traditional Chinese medicine and tested for stroke, angina, and kidney disease.
Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae, the screw-pine family (pandan), is a Paleotropical family of dioecious monocots in Pandanales with five genera, Benstonea, Freycinetia, Martellidendron, Pandanus, and Sararanga, and c. 700–750 species of spiny-leaved trees, shrubs, and climbers.
Pandanales
Pandanales is a monocot order of flowering plants with five families, Cyclanthaceae, Pandanaceae, Stemonaceae, Triuridaceae, and Velloziaceae, about 36 genera and 1,345 species, sister to Dioscoreales, united by molecular systematics.
Pandanus
Pandanus (screw pines), genus of 450-600 Old World tropical and Pacific trees and shrubs in Pandanaceae, dioecious with prop roots, spiny spiral leaves, pineapple-like drupe heads; beetle-pollinated; leaves woven, fruits eaten.
Pandanus amaryllifolius
Pandanus amaryllifolius (pandan, pandan wangi) is a Maluku-native Pandanaceae shrub grown across Southeast Asia for fragrant leaves rich in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, used to flavor and color food and studied for antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial bioactivity.
Pando (tree)
Pando (Latin "I spread"), the trembling giant, is a single male quaking aspen clone in Fishlake National Forest, Utah: about 47,000 genetically identical stems across 106 acres, roughly 13 million pounds, and estimated 12,000–80,000 years old.
Panela
Panela, also known as piloncillo or papelón, is an unrefined non-centrifugal cane sugar made by boiling sugarcane juice and molding it into blocks, common across Latin America.
Panicum
Panicum (panicgrasses) is a cosmopolitan genus of Poaceae grasses established by Linnaeus in 1753, with C4 NAD-me photosynthesis, x=9; includes broomcorn millet, switchgrass, and Guinea grass.
Panicum virgatum
Panicum virgatum, known as switchgrass, is a perennial warm-season grass native to North America, a codominant of the tallgrass prairie and the US Department of Energy's herbaceous model species for cellulosic bioenergy.
Paombong
Paombong is a municipality in Bulacan, Philippines, the Vinegar Capital of the Philippines, famed for sukang Paombong nipa palm vinegar; 14 barangays, 53,294 people (2015), named after bamboo sap tubes called bombong.
Papaver
Papaver (poppies) is a genus of 66 accepted species in Papaveraceae, order Ranunculales, native to temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa. Includes opium poppy P. somniferum, source of morphine and codeine, and common poppy P. rhoeas.
Papaver rhoeas
Papaver rhoeas, the common or corn poppy (Flanders poppy), is an annual Papaveraceae herb with scarlet 7–10 cm flowers, globose capsules, seeds dormant over 80 years, no opium alkaloids, and the World War I remembrance symbol.
Papaver somniferum
Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is an annual Papaveraceae herb from the western Mediterranean, sole source of opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine) and grown for edible poppy seeds; 2n=22, IUCN Least Concern.
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae, the poppy family (formerly including Fumariaceae), is a Ranunculales eudicot family of about 41-46 genera and roughly 700 species with milky latex, capsule fruits, and over 540 isoquinoline alkaloids, including the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.
Papaya
Papaya (Carica papaya, pawpaw, fruta bomba) is a tropical Caricaceae fruit tree from Mesoamerica with XY/XYh sex chromosomes, papain-rich fruit, and PRSV-resistant transgenic Rainbow cultivars in Hawaii.
Paphiopedilum
Paphiopedilum, slipper orchid or lady's slipper, is a genus of about 110 Asian orchid species with pouch-shaped lips, no pseudobulbs, CITES Appendix I listing, and tens of thousands of registered hybrids.
Paprika
Paprika: ground spice from dried Capsicum annuum fruits; also called pimentón in Spain. Etymology from Slavic papar via Hungarian; key origins Szeged, Kalocsa, La Vera; quality set by carotenoid color and capsaicin heat.
Papyrus
Papyrus, the ancient Egyptian writing material made from Cyperus papyrus pith, used from about 2900 BC to the eleventh century AD; manufacture, decline against parchment and paper, and light-induced aging.
Paraserianthes lophantha
Paraserianthes lophantha (crested wattle, plume albizia, stink bean) is the sole species of its mimosoid legume genus, native to SW Australia and Sumatra-Java-Lesser Sundas, with two subspecies, fire-stimulated hard seeds, and invasive status in South Africa, New Zealand and Australia.
Parasitaxus
Parasitaxus (Parasitaxus usta, corail) is the only known parasitic gymnosperm, a purple New Caledonian podocarp shrub mycoheterotrophic on Falcatifolium taxoides via internal fungi, IUCN Vulnerable.
Parasitic plant
Parasitic plants, also called hemiparasites and holoparasites, are flowering plants that steal water and nutrients from hosts via a haustorium; about 4,750 species, 12 independent origins, including Striga, Orobanche, Cuscuta, and Rafflesia.
Parboiled rice
Parboiled rice, also called converted rice, is paddy rice soaked, steamed, and dried in the husk before milling. The process moves B vitamins into the endosperm, hardens the grain, lowers glycemic index, and is preferred in South Asia and West Africa.
Parietaria
Parietaria (pellitory, pellitory-of-the-wall) is a genus of about 26 Urticaceae herbs in Rosales that grows in old walls and cracks; its long-season, wind-dispersed pollen is a leading cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma in the Mediterranean.
Parinari
Parinari is a pantropical genus of about 40 accepted species of trees and shrubs in Chrysobalanaceae, described by Aublet in 1775, marked by bilocular ovaries and hair-filled stomatal crypts, and known for the African mobola plum (P. curatellifolia).
Parkia
Parkia R.Br. is a pantropical genus of about 37 leguminous tree species (Fabaceae), including petai (Parkia speciosa) and African locust bean (P. biglobosa), bat-pollinated trees with edible seeds, timber, and medicinal uses.
Parkia biglobosa
Parkia biglobosa, the African locust bean or néré, is a Fabaceae savanna tree from Senegal to South Sudan whose fermented seeds (soumbala, dawadawa, iru) are a staple West African condiment; IUCN least concern.