3,306 articles
Salix
Salix (willows) is the largest genus of Salicaceae, 475 accepted species of dioecious catkin-bearing trees and shrubs native from subarctic to tropical mountains, source of salicin and willow bark medicine.
Salix × fragilis
Salix × fragilis (crack willow, brittle willow) is a hybrid willow, S. alba × S. euxina, native to Türkiye and naturalized worldwide; a 2009 redefinition and 2022 challenge surround its name.
Salix alba
Salix alba, white willow, is a 25 m Eurasian Salicaceae tree with silky silvery leaf undersides, dioecious catkins, salicin-rich bark used to develop aspirin, and rare hybridization with S. fragilis.
Salix babylonica
Salix babylonica, the weeping willow or Babylon weeping willow, is a Salicaceae tree native to northern and eastern China and Korea, named by Linnaeus in 1753, widely planted as an ornamental and invasive in parts of South Africa, Australia, and Florida.
Salix caprea
Salix caprea (goat willow, pussy willow), a dioecious Eurasian pioneer willow described by Linnaeus in 1753, flowering in early spring; introduced and naturalized in North America and assessed for weed risk in Australia.
Salix herbacea
Salix herbacea (dwarf willow, snowbed willow), a dioecious clonal dwarf willow of subarctic and subalpine Europe and North America, forming mats under 10 cm, common in snowbeds, sensitive to earlier snowmelt.
Salix nigra
Salix nigra (black willow, swamp willow) is the largest and only commercially important North American willow, a fast-growing, short-lived dioecious tree of eastern US, Canadian, and Mexican floodplains, IUCN Least Concern, widely used for streambank stabilization.
Salix purpurea
Salix purpurea (purple willow, purple osier) is a Eurasian and North African willow shrub, 1–6 m, with opposite narrow leaves and fused stamens, cultivated for basketry osiers and salicin-rich bark (4–8%), IUCN Least Concern, diploid 2n=38.
Salix viminalis
Salix viminalis (common osier, basket willow, 吐兰柳), a Linnaean 1753 willow of Salicaceae native from Central Europe to Siberia and Xinjiang, grown for basketry, bioenergy coppice hybrids, and phytoremediation of metals and organic pollutants.
Salsola
Salsola (saltwort, Russian thistle) is a genus of salt-tolerant Amaranthaceae herbs and shrubs, native from Eurasia to Australia and Africa, with C4 photosynthesis, split by molecular phylogeny into several lineages, and including invasive tumbleweeds.
Salsola tragus
Salsola tragus (Russian thistle, tumbleweed, Kali tragus) is an annual Eurasian amaranth introduced to South Dakota in the 1870s that now infests about 41 million hectares of the western United States as a widespread invasive tumbleweed.
Salvadora persica
Salvadora persica, known as Arak or Peelu, is an evergreen shrub or small tree whose twigs are the traditional miswak chewing stick used as a natural toothbrush.
Salvia
Salvia (sages), largest genus of Lamiaceae with roughly 900-1000 species, cosmopolitan herbs and shrubs defined by two stamens forming a pollen-depositing lever mechanism; includes culinary sage Salvia officinalis.
Salvia divinorum
Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage, Maria Pastora, Sally-D), a perennial mint native to Oaxaca, Mexico, used by Mazatec shamans; its diterpene salvinorin A is the only known non-alkaloidal hallucinogen and a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, producing short-lived dissociative effects; not federally scheduled in the US but banned in many states.
Salvia hispanica
Salvia hispanica (chia) is an annual Lamiaceae herb native to Mexico and Guatemala, domesticated in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica; its seeds, rich in fiber, protein, and alpha-linolenic acid, are a globally marketed functional food.
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen, 丹参), red sage, a Lamiaceae perennial native to China and Vietnam whose dried root is a major traditional Chinese medicine for cardiovascular disease, containing tanshinones and salvianolic acids.
Salvia pratensis
Salvia pratensis, known as meadow clary or meadow sage, is a perennial herb of the mint family native to Europe and known for its staminal lever mechanism.
Salvia sclarea
Salvia sclarea (clary sage), Lamiaceae herb native Mediterranean to W. Himalaya; essential oil rich in linalyl acetate and linalool; sclareol yields Ambroxide fixative; antimicrobial, anthelmintic uses.
Salvia yangii
Salvia yangii, commonly known as Russian sage, is a deciduous subshrub of the mint family, native from Afghanistan to western China and grown for its blue flowers.
Samanea
Samanea (Benth.) Merr., a Fabaceae genus of Central and South American trees with 3 accepted species; its rain tree (S. saman, syn. Albizia saman) is a nitrogen-fixing shade tree up to 60 m tall with an 80 m crown.
Samanea saman
Samanea saman (rain tree, cow-tamarind; synonym Albizia saman), a Fabaceae tree native from Central America to Venezuela and Ecuador, widely planted in the tropics for shade, timber, and fodder, invasive in Fiji and Hawaii, and a model plant for nyctinastic leaf movement.
Sambucus
Sambucus (elder, elderberry) is a genus of about 20-22 accepted species in Viburnaceae, native to temperate and tropical-mountain regions worldwide; includes S. nigra, S. canadensis, and S. cerulea, used for food and medicine but toxic except ripe fruit and flowers.
Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus canadensis, American elderberry (sureau du Canada), a Viburnaceae shrub native from North America to Venezuela and Bolivia; also treated as Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; cooked purple-black berries edible, used in food, medicine, and wildlife plantings.
Sambucus nigra
Sambucus nigra, black elder or European elderberry, a Viburnaceae shrub native to Europe to W. Iran, grown for elderflower cordial, berries, and medicine; clinical evidence for cold and flu benefit is uncertain.
Sambucus racemosa
Sambucus racemosa, the red elderberry or red-berried elder, is a deciduous shrub of North America and Eurasia with white flower clusters and toxic-when-raw red berries.
Sandalwood
Sandalwood, chiefly Santalum album (Indian sandalwood), is a hemiparasitic tree whose fragrant heartwood oil, rich in santalols, is used in perfume, incense, and carving; IUCN lists it vulnerable, with Australia now a leading supplier.
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguinaria canadensis, bloodroot or red puccoon, a monotypic Papaveraceae perennial of eastern North America with red rhizome sap, toxic sanguinarine alkaloids, early-spring white flowers, and use in black salve.
Sanguisorba minor
Sanguisorba minor, salad burnet or small burnet, a Rosaceae perennial herb native from Europe to the W. Himalaya; cucumber-flavored salad herb, rangeland forage with high protein, tannins, and drought tolerance.
Sanguisorba officinalis
Sanguisorba officinalis (great burnet, di yu, 地榆) is a perennial Rosaceae herb of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, 30–150 cm tall with dark red petalless flower spikes; its dried root (Sanguisorbae Radix) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine hemostatic, and it is IUCN Least Concern.
Sanicula
Sanicula (sanicle, black snakeroot) is a genus of about 40 perennial woodland herbs in Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae, established by Linnaeus in 1753 with type species S. europaea, with diversity centers in China and North America and hooked-prickled fruits.