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Betonica
Betonica (betony) is a genus of 10 perennial Lamiaceae species native to Europe, Central Asia, Iran, and NW Africa, including Betonica officinalis; molecular, cytological, and phytochemical evidence supports separating it from Stachys in tribe Betoniceae.
Betula alleghaniensis
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch (bouleau jaune), a large eastern North American birch with bronze peeling bark and wintergreen twigs; IUCN Least Concern, major timber and veneer species.
Betula papyrifera
Betula papyrifera, paper birch or canoe birch, a North American birch with white peeling bark, native from subarctic America to Virginia, used for revegetation, traditional bark crafts, and hybridizing with yellow birch.
Betula pendula
Betula pendula (垂枝桦), silver birch or European white birch, is a pioneer broadleaved tree of Europe and western Asia with white papery bark, pendulous resin-glanded twigs, IUCN Least Concern status, and the Finnish national tree designation.
Betula pubescens
Betula pubescens (downy birch, moor birch) is a tetraploid (2n=56) Eurasian birch tree, native from Newfoundland to the Russian Far East, distinguished from silver birch by downy shoots and wet-site habitat, and prone to widespread introgression.
Betula utilis
Betula utilis, Himalayan birch or bhojpatra, is a white- to copper-barked Himalayan tree to 35 m with four subspecies including the white-barked jacquemontii; its bark served as paper for yantras, and it dominates Western Himalayan timberlines.
Betulaceae
Betulaceae, the birch family of Fagales, has six genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, Ostryopsis) and about 160 northern-temperate tree and shrub species in two subfamilies.
Bidens
Bidens (beggar-ticks, bur-marigold) is a cosmopolitan Asteraceae genus of roughly 200–280 species with centers of diversity in Africa and the Americas, barbed awned achenes, notable Pacific island adaptive radiations, and the medicinal weed Bidens pilosa.
Bidens pilosa
Bidens pilosa (Spanish needles, cobbler's pegs, xian feng cao) is an Asteraceae herb native to tropical America, used in traditional medicine for over 40 ailments, chemically rich in polyacetylenes and flavonoids, and a noxious weed in 40+ countries.
Biennial plant
Biennial plant: a flowering plant completing its life cycle in two seasons, overwintering as a rosette, then flowering, seeding, and dying; examples include carrots, beets, cabbage, parsley, and evening primrose, often vernalization-dependent.
Bifora
Bifora (bishop, Hohlsame) is a genus of two annual Apiaceae species, B. radians and B. testiculata, native from the Mediterranean to Central Asia; B. testiculata is a declared crop weed in Australia, B. radians a Turkish spice plant.
Bignonia
Bignonia (紫葳屬), bignonias, a conserved Linnaean genus of woody lianas in Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae, native from central and eastern USA to Argentina, with 31 accepted species and Bignonia capreolata, the crossvine, as type.
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae, the trumpet creeper or bignonia family (Juss., 1789, nom. cons.), is a pantropical Lamiales family of woody trees, shrubs, and lianas with zygomorphic flowers, centered in northern South America, with about 79-110 genera and 790-901 species.
Bilberry
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), also whortleberry or European blueberry, is a low Ericaceae subshrub of temperate Eurasia with dark blue-black anthocyanin-rich berries, EU-approved traditional uses for mild diarrhoea, and unproven night-vision claims.
Bing cherry
The Bing cherry is a sweet cherry cultivar created in 1875 in Milwaukie, Oregon, by horticulturist Seth Lewelling, who named it for his Chinese orchard foreman, Ah Bing.
Biomineralization
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals to stiffen tissues, defend against enemies, or store material; in plants it is mostly silica deposited as phytoliths.
Birch
Birch (Betula L.) is a genus of about 60 to 66 deciduous trees and shrubs in Betulaceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with peeling bark, monoecious catkins, winged wind-dispersed seeds, and major timber species such as silver, downy, paper, and river birch.
Bird's eye chili
Bird's eye chili (prik kee noo, cili padi) is a trade name for small, upright, very hot chilies of Capsicum annuum or C. frutescens, 2–4 cm, 50,000–100,000 SHU, central to Southeast Asian and African cooking.
Bird's-nest fern and crocodile fern as houseplants
The bird's-nest fern (Asplenium nidus) and crocodile fern (Microsorum musifolium) are tropical ferns grown as houseplants for their architectural foliage, requiring shade, humidity, and careful watering to avoid crown rot.
Bistorta
Bistorta (bistorts) is a genus of about 44-50 perennial rhizomatous herbs in Polygonaceae, native from subarctic and temperate Eurasia and North America to northeast Mexico; includes European bistort (Bistorta officinalis, syn. Polygonum bistorta).
Bistorta officinalis
Bistorta officinalis (bistort, common bistort, European bistort; formerly Polygonum bistorta) is a Polygonaceae perennial of temperate Eurasia and Morocco with a contorted tannin-rich rhizome, pink flower spikes, medicinal and food uses, and garden cultivars.
Bitter orange
Bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium), also Seville or sour orange, is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid citrus tree. First orange in Europe (10th century), used for marmalade, Triple Sec, neroli oil, rootstock; supplements contain p-synephrine, an NCAA-banned stimulant.
Bixa
Bixa is a Neotropical plant genus of Bixaceae (Malvales), native Mexico to southern tropical America, with six accepted species; Bixa orellana, the annatto or lipstick tree, yields the apocarotenoid pigment bixin used as food coloring E160b.
Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana, known as annatto, achiote, or the lipstick tree, is a tropical American shrub whose seed coats yield annatto, an orange-red natural food colorant.
Black turtle bean
Black turtle bean (frijol negro), a small shiny black-seeded variety of Phaseolus vulgaris, staple of Latin American cuisine; classic cultivar Black Turtle Soup, second-leading US dry bean class after pinto, Michigan producing about 46%.
Black-eyed pea
Black-eyed pea, a market type of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), also called southern pea or crowder pea; African-domesticated legume with a black hilum, spread via the Columbian Exchange, central to hoppin' John and New Year's luck traditions.
Blackberry
Blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus): solid-core aggregate bramble fruit, unlike hollow raspberries. Over 400 cultivars; Mexico leads production (250,000 MT forecast 2025); invasive weed in Australia.
Blackcurrant
Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum, cassis) is a Grossulariaceae shrub grown for black, vitamin C- and anthocyanin-rich berries; key cultivars include Ben Lomond and Ben Hope, with major production in Europe and New Zealand.
Blaufränkisch
Blaufränkisch (Kékfrankos, Lemberger, Frankovka) is an autochthonous Austrian red wine grape, a Heunisch-Sbulzina cross first described in 1777, dominant in Burgenland's Mittelburgenland and made as DAC wines in several Austrian regions.
Blechnaceae
Blechnaceae, the blechnoid fern family (Polypodiales, eupolypods II), has about 250-265 species, mostly in Blechnum, centered in Australasia and the Neotropics; molecular work showed Blechnum polyphyletic, prompting Telmatoblechnum and a 24-genus classification.