Life and health

Hops

Hops, the female cones of Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae), are the brewing crop that bitters, flavors, and preserves beer via alpha acids and essential oils; cultivated since the 8th-century Hallertau, with over 260 varieties and medicinal uses.

Horace Barker

Horace Albert Barker (1907–2000) was an American biochemist and microbiologist who spent his career at UC Berkeley and discovered the coenzyme form of vitamin B12 in 1958–59, winning the National Medal of Science in 1968.

Oct 10, 2026

Horace Barlow

Horace Barlow (1921–2020) was a British visual neuroscientist who treated vision as information processing, proposed the 1961 efficient coding hypothesis, and was the great-grandson of Charles Darwin.

Horace H. Loh

Horace H. Loh (罗浩) is a pharmacologist and neuroscientist known for research on morphine addiction and opioid receptors, a Regents Professor at the University of Minnesota.

Horace M. Gezon

Horace M. Gezon was an American epidemiologist and professor at the University of Pittsburgh who traced newborn nursery infection outbreaks and ran controlled hexachlorophene bathing trials in infants.

Horace W. Davenport

Horace W. Davenport, also known as Horace Willard Davenport, was an American gastrointestinal physiologist who defined the gastric mucosal barrier and chaired physiology at the University of Michigan from 1956.

Horace Wells

Horace Wells (1815–1848), American dentist of Hartford, Connecticut, discoverer of anesthesia; first used nitrous oxide for tooth extraction on 11 December 1844, failed in Boston 1845, died by suicide, recognized by ADA 1864 and AMA 1870.

Horace Winchell Magoun

Horace Winchell Magoun (1907–1991) was an American neuroscientist who established the brain stem reticular formation as an arousal system, wrote The Waking Brain (1958), and helped found UCLA's Brain Research Institute.

Sep 20, 2026

Horacio J. Adrogué

Horacio J. Adrogué, also published as H. J. Adrogue, is an Argentine-American nephrologist at Baylor College of Medicine known for his sodium-correction formulas for treating sodium disorders.

Horatio Curtis Wood Jr.

Horatio Curtis Wood Jr. (1841–1920) was an American physician and pharmacologist in Philadelphia, a longtime University of Pennsylvania professor and president of the US Pharmacopeial Convention.

Hordeolum internum

Hordeolum internum (internal hordeolum, internal stye): acute bacterial infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus, of a meibomian gland inside the eyelid; deeper and more diffuse than an external stye, treated with warm compresses, resolving in 1–2 weeks.

Hordeum

Hordeum (barleys), a genus of Triticeae grasses in Poaceae, includes cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare, the fourth most grown cereal, domesticated about 10,000 years ago from H. spontaneum; recognized by triplet spikelets and x=7 chromosomes.

Hordeum murinum

Hordeum murinum, wall barley or false barley, a weedy annual grass with three subspecies (glaucum, leporinum, murinum) native from Europe to the Himalaya, now a herbicide-resistant crop and pasture weed harming sheep worldwide.

Horizontal conjugate gaze deviation

Horizontal conjugate gaze deviation: both eyes tonically deviated in the same horizontal direction; radiographic form (Rad h-CGD) localizes stroke, seizure, brainstem, and vestibular causes; ICD-11 9C83.10.

Horizontal gaze palsy

Horizontal gaze palsy: inability to move both eyes conjugately in a horizontal direction, usually from a pontine lesion of the PPRF or abducens nucleus (stroke, MS, hemorrhage); congenital form is HGPPS from ROBO3 mutations; ICD-11 9C83.00.

Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), or lateral gene transfer, is movement of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship, via transformation, transduction, and conjugation; it reshapes microbial genomes, spreads antibiotic resistance, and complicates the tree of life.

Horkey

Horkey is the name for the end-of-harvest customs and celebrations of England, especially the Eastern Counties feast marking the last load, which declined in the 19th century and was more or less extinct by the 20th.

Hormesis

Hormesis is a biphasic dose-response phenomenon: low doses of a stressor stimulate or benefit biology while high doses inhibit or harm it. Also called the Arndt-Schulz Law; coined by Southam and Ehrlich (1943); contested as a risk-assessment default model.

Hormonal Contraception

Hormonal contraception: progestin-only or combined estrogen-progestin methods (pills, implant, injection, patch, ring, LNG-IUD) preventing pregnancy mainly by stopping ovulation; first pill Enovid, FDA-approved May 1960; implant 0.1% typical failure rate; no STI protection.

Hormonally up-regulated neu tumour-associated kinase, catalytic domain

HUNK (MAK-V) catalytic domain: the serine/threonine kinase domain of the SNF1/AMPK-family kinase HUNK, gene at 21q22.11; phosphorylates EGFR T654 and RUBICON, driving HER2+ breast cancer survival, metastasis, and drug resistance.

Hormone

Hormone: chemical messenger released by endocrine glands into the blood, acting via receptors on target tissues; over 50 known in humans, regulated by feedback loops, central to endocrinology since Brown-Séquard's 1889 lecture and Starling's coining of the term.