72,234 articles
Human height
Human height (stature) is standing body length, about 80% heritable and shaped by nutrition and disease. It has risen for 150 years, ranges from 158 cm (Indonesia) to 183 cm (Dutch men), and serves as a population health indicator.
Human herpesvirus 6
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6A/HHV-6B, Roseolovirus) causes roseola in infants, establishes latency by integrating into chromosome telomeres, and in about 1% of people is inherited chromosomally integrated (iciHHV-6).
Human herpesvirus K1 glycoprotein, C-terminal
Human herpesvirus K1 glycoprotein, C-terminal (IPR004121, K1_C) is the conserved cytoplasmic domain of the KSHV/HHV-8 K1 (VIP) protein, carrying an ITAM that drives constitutive Syk, PI3K/Akt, and cytokine signaling.
Human immunodeficiency virus 1, envelope glycoprotein Gp120
Gp120, the HIV-1 exterior envelope glycoprotein (Env surface subunit with gp41), binds CD4 then CCR5/CXCR4 to mediate viral entry; heavily glycosylated and variable, it evades antibodies and failed as a monomer vaccine immunogen.
Human impact on the environment
Human impact on the environment is the aggregate effect of human activities on ecosystems and climate, acting through land use, exploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species.
Human interaction with cats
Human interaction with cats (Felis catus): a commensal Near Eastern relationship over 10,000 years old, Egyptian-mediated global dispersal, cat-human communication, attachment debate, and mixed health-benefit evidence.
Human iron metabolism
Human iron metabolism: the 3–4 g body iron pool, duodenal absorption via DMT1 and ferroportin, hepcidin as master hormone, macrophage recycling, and disorders from hemochromatosis to IRIDA.
Human leg
Human leg: anatomically the knee-to-ankle region (crus), part of the 30-bone lower limb with femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and foot bones; weight-bearing structure central to bipedal walking and prosthetics.
Human leukocyte antigen
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p21.3, presents peptides to T cells; discovered via Dausset's 1958 MAC antigen, it is the most polymorphic human gene system and governs transplant matching, disease association, and drug reaction risk.
Human leukocyte antigen positive
Human leukocyte antigen positive (ICD-11 MA14.18) is a classification category for a positive HLA test result, paired with MA14.17 negative; used in transplant, transfusion, and disease-association contexts.
Human metapneumovirus
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a Pneumoviridae RNA virus discovered in the Netherlands in 2001, causes seasonal winter-spring respiratory illness; no vaccine or antiviral exists, and severity resembles RSV.
Human microbiome
Human microbiome: the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and their genes living on and in the body, also called gut flora. Characterized by the NIH Human Microbiome Project (2007); FDA-approved fecal microbiota products REBYOTA and VOWST treat C. difficile.
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup: a maternal-lineage branch of the mtDNA phylogenetic tree, defined by specific mutations, cataloged by PhyloTree (5,437 haplogroups) and the newer Mitotree, used in ancestry and forensic genetics but confounded in disease studies.
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics covers mtDNA, a 16,569-bp circular genome with 37 genes, maternally inherited, showing heteroplasmy, threshold effects, and the bottleneck; also called mitochondrial DNA inheritance, it underlies mitochondrial disease, ancestry tracing, and forensics.
Human mouth
Human mouth (oral cavity): first portion of the digestive system, containing lips, teeth, tongue, and palate; divided into vestibule and oral cavity proper; serves eating, speech, breathing, and taste; affected by oral diseases in about 3.7 billion people.
Human musculoskeletal system
Human musculoskeletal system: bones (206 in the adult skeleton), skeletal muscle, joints, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage; supports the body, protects organs, makes blood cells, and produces movement; aging and conditions like osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are its main disorders.
Human nose
Human nose: external nose and paired nasal cavities that warm, filter, and humidify air, enable olfaction, drain the paranasal sinuses, and show a nasal cycle alternating airflow between nostrils.
Human nutrition
Human nutrition: the science of consuming, absorbing, and using nutrients for life and health. Covers macronutrients, micronutrients, bioavailability, DRIs, dietary guidelines, and evidence methods.
Human papillomavirus infection
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a common sexually transmitted infection with about 200 virus types; most clear spontaneously, but persistent high-risk types cause cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers, preventable by HPV vaccination and screening.
Human papillomavirus testing
Human papillomavirus testing is a nucleic acid-based diagnostic method detecting high-risk HPV DNA or mRNA in cervical samples, used since 2020 as the primary cervical cancer screening method in many settings.
Human Papillomavirus Viruses
Human papillomavirus viruses (HPV), a group of over 200 double-stranded DNA virus types, infect human skin and mucosa; high-risk types 16 and 18 cause most cervical cancer, types 6 and 11 cause genital warts, and vaccines plus HPV screening prevent disease.
Human papillomavirus VLP vaccine technology (Gardasil)
HPV VLP vaccine technology (Gardasil): recombinant L1 virus-like particles, invented by Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou at University of Queensland, patented 1991, licensed via CSL to Merck, FDA-approved 2006 as the first cancer-preventing vaccine.
Human parainfluenza viruses
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV-1 to 4, subtypes 4a/4b) are Paramyxoviridae RNA viruses causing croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia; second to RSV as a viral cause of childhood lower respiratory infection, with no licensed vaccine or antiviral.
Human pathology
Human Pathology (Hum. Pathol., ISSN 0046-8177) is a monthly peer-reviewed Elsevier journal of clinicopathologic human disease research founded in 1970, MEDLINE-indexed, edited by Lori A. Erickson of Mayo Clinic, with an Impact Factor near 3.
Human penis
Human penis: the external male organ of urination, reproduction, and sexual pleasure, built from two corpora cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum; average 8.9 cm flaccid, 13 cm erect; erection driven by nitric oxide and cGMP.
Human penis size
Human penis size: clinical measurements of length and girth. Pooled means: flaccid 8.70 cm, stretched 12.93 cm, erect 13.93 cm (55,761 men); erect length rose 38% over 29 years; micropenis is SPL 2.5 SD below mean.
Human physiology
Human physiology: study of the life-supporting functions and mechanisms of the human body, from Greek physis and logia. Distinguished by homeostasis (Cannon, 1929), organ-system integration, and clinical uses such as exercise testing.
Human polyomavirus 2
Human polyomavirus 2, commonly called the JC virus or JCPyV, is a DNA virus that infects most people harmlessly and causes the brain disease PML when immunity fails.
Human reproduction
Human reproduction: conception through fertilization of an ovulated egg by sperm, cyclic female fertility (5–6 day fertile window, ~20% conception per cycle), pregnancy and childbirth, plus contraception, infertility (12-month definition, 1 in 6 affected), and ART such as IVF and ICSI.
Human reproductive system
The human reproductive system is the male and female organ system that produces gametes and sex hormones, centered on the testicles and ovaries, enabling fertilization, gestation, and birth of offspring.