72,234 articles
Nipple
Nipple: the central structure of each breast, with about nine milk duct openings, smooth erectile muscle, and hundreds of nerves, surrounded by the areola; types include protruding, flat, and inverted, with polythelia in 2-5% of people.
Nipple reconstruction
Nipple reconstruction is a surgical procedure that recreates a projecting nipple on a reconstructed breast using local skin flaps or grafts, with tattooing to restore color.
Nipple stimulation
Nipple stimulation: manual, pump, or electrical stimulation of the nipple that releases prolactin and oxytocin; used for labor induction and augmentation, milk ejection, and sexual response, with hyperstimulation the main obstetric risk.
Nipponia
Nipponia (crested ibis, Nipponia nippon, toki トキ) is a monotypic ibis genus of East Asia. Reduced to 7 wild birds found in Shaanxi, China in 1981, it recovered to over 9,000 by 2022 through captive breeding and reintroduction.
Nipponopelta
Nipponopelta yezoensis, first named ankylosaur from Japan, a nodosaurid from the Cenomanian Hikagenosawa Formation of Hokkaido; holotype MCM A522 partial skull named in 2026, sister to North American Pawpawsaurus.
NIPSENSE study
NIPSENSE (NCT07062458) is a recruiting observational study at Candiolo Cancer Institute, Torino, led by Giada Pozzi, comparing nipple sensation preservation after conventional, endoscopic, and robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy in 90 women using Semmes-Weinstein testing.
Nir Friedman
Nir Friedman is a computer scientist and biologist, professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, known for applying probabilistic graphical models to gene regulation and chromatin.
Nir Hacohen
Nir Hacohen is an American immunologist who directs cancer immunology at Massachusetts General Hospital and is known for building single-cell maps of immune cells in tumors.
Nir Yosef
Nir Yosef is an Israeli computational biologist who studies T cells with single-cell genomics and machine learning, and is a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Niraj H. Tolia
Niraj H. Tolia is a structural biologist and malaria researcher who leads a vaccine design section at NIAID, after teaching at Washington University in St. Louis.
Nirao M. Shah
Nirao M. Shah is a neuroscientist who studies the neural circuits controlling social behavior, and a Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neurobiology at Stanford University.
Niraparib
Niraparib (Zejula; Akeega combination) is an oral PARP-1/PARP-2 inhibitor approved in 2017 as maintenance therapy for HRD-positive ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer, and in 2025 with abiraterone for BRCA2-mutated prostate cancer.
Nirav Ramesh Shah
Nirav Ramesh Shah is an American internist and health-system executive who led New York's Health Department, held Kaiser Permanente roles, and is a Senior Scholar at Stanford.
Nirgundi ghrta
Nirgundi ghrta (Nirguṇḍī ghṛta, AFI000188) is an Ayurvedic medicated ghee of cow's clarified butter and Vitex negundo whole plant, dosed 12 g, indicated for kṣata kṣīṇa, cough, and Rajayakshma (tuberculosis), now under pharmaceutico-analytical and anti-mycobacterial study.
Nirmalya Chatterjee
Nirmalya Chatterjee is an Indian-born Drosophila geneticist who studies oxidative-stress signaling and energy metabolism, known for Nrf2 work and reviews of fly models of obesity and diabetes.
Nirogacestat
Nirogacestat (Ogsiveo, PF-03084014) is SpringWorks' oral gamma secretase inhibitor blocking Notch signaling, approved by the FDA on November 27, 2023 as the first systemic therapy for progressing desmoid tumors.
Nis1-like
Nis1-like proteins (NIS1, necrosis-inducing secreted protein 1) are conserved secreted effectors of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi that suppress plant pattern-triggered immunity by binding the BAK1 and BIK1 kinases; distinct from the unrelated yeast bud-neck protein Nis1.
Nish Chaturvedi
Nishi Chaturvedi is a British clinical epidemiologist, Professor and Director of the MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, known for diabetic eye disease trials.
Nisin
Nisin (E234) is a 34-residue lantibiotic bacteriocin from Lactococcus lactis, discovered in 1928, FDA GRAS since 1988, that kills Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria via Lipid II binding and pore formation, used as a food preservative in dairy, meat, and canned foods.
Nisoldipine
Nisoldipine (Nisocor, Sular) is a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for hypertension, acting on vascular smooth muscle L-type channels; US-approved 1995, dosed 17–34 mg once daily, with grapefruit interaction and ~5% bioavailability.
Nissen fundoplication
Nissen fundoplication: 360-degree gastric fundus wrap around the distal esophagus, the most common antireflux operation for GERD, first described by Rudolf Nissen in 1956 and laparoscopic since Dallemagne's 1991 series.
Nissim Benvenisty
Nissim Benvenisty is an Israeli stem cell biologist who directs the Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and founded the biotech company NewStem.
Nissim Hay
Nissim Hay is an Israeli-trained cancer biologist and Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois Chicago, known for work on Akt signaling and tumor glucose metabolism.
Nissl staining
Nissl staining is a histological method that uses basic dyes such as cresyl violet to label neuronal cell bodies and Nissl substance, the routine stain for brain cytoarchitecture.
Nitazenes
Nitazenes (2-benzyl benzimidazole opioids, benzimidazole-opioids) are synthetic mu-opioid receptor agonists developed by CIBA in the 1950s, never medically approved, and illicit since 2019; some analogues exceed fentanyl in potency.
Nitazoxanide
Nitazoxanide (Alinia) is a thiazolide antiparasitic prodrug converted to tizoxanide, inhibiting PFOR. FDA-approved in 2002 for Cryptosporidium and Giardia diarrhea in immunocompetent patients; ineffective in HIV patients.
Niteesh K. Choudhry
Niteesh K. Choudhry is a Canadian-trained physician and pharmacoepidemiologist, professor at Harvard Medical School, known for the 2011 MI FREEE trial eliminating copayments for heart medications.
Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram, sold as Capstar, is a neonicotinoid insecticide given orally to kill adult fleas on dogs and cats within 30 minutes; it is also used in agriculture.
Nitidulidae
Nitidulidae, the sap beetles, are a beetle family of about 4,500 species in 350 genera and ten subfamilies, feeding on sap, fungi, and fermenting fruit; Carpophilus species are pests of corn, dried fruit, and stored grain.
Nitin S. Baliga
Nitin S. Baliga is an Indian-born American systems biologist, a founding member and director of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, known for predicting cellular responses.