72,234 articles
Pratik Shah
Pratik Shah is an AI-in-healthcare researcher and assistant professor at UC Irvine who previously led the Machine Learning for Health Research Program at the MIT Media Lab.
Pratylenchus
Pratylenchus, root-lesion nematodes (Filipjev 1936, ~100 species), migratory endoparasites of plant roots in Pratylenchidae; third most important plant-parasitic nematode genus, causing crop yield losses up to 85%.
Pratylenchus penetrans
Pratylenchus penetrans, the northern root-lesion nematode (Cobb, 1917), is a migratory endoparasitic nematode of roots, cosmopolitan across 69 countries, damaging potato, tobacco, tomato, and soybean, and distinguished from P. fallax by a smooth tail tip.
Pravala bhasma
Pravala bhasma (Praval Bhasma) is an Ayurvedic calcined coral preparation, a calcium-rich animal-origin Rasashastra drug compiled in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, distinct from Pravala pishti and exempt from expiry dating under India's Drugs Rules.
Pravala Pancamrta Rasa
Pravala Pancamrta Rasa (Pravāla pañcamṛta rasa) is a Kharaliya rasayana of Ayurvedic Rasashastra: five calcined marine bhasmas (coral, pearl, conch, oyster, cowry) triturated with Calotropis latex, dosed 250 mg, used for pittaja disorders and as a calcium supplement.
Pravala Pisti
Pravala Pisti (Pravāla piṣṭī), Ayurvedic coral-calcium powder triturated with rose water, a Sudha Varga preparation; dose 250 mg, used for Pitta disorders, acidity, and as calcium supplementation, distinct from calcined Pravala Bhasma.
Pravastatin
Pravastatin (pravastatin sodium, formerly Pravachol) is a semi-synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor statin, U.S.-approved 1991, dosed 40-80 mg daily; low-to-moderate LDL-lowering potency, landmark trials WOSCOPS, CARE, LIPID, PROSPER.
Pravinkumar B. Sehgal
Pravinkumar B. Sehgal, also published as P. B. Sehgal, is an Indian-born American virologist who discovered interleukin-6 and is a professor at New York Medical College.
Prawn
Prawn: common name for large swimming decapod crustaceans (Dendrobranchiata), called shrimp in North America; distinguished by claws on three leg pairs and non-overlapping abdominal segments; basis of major fisheries and aquaculture.
Prawn cocktail
Prawn cocktail (US shrimp cocktail), a British retro starter of prawns, lettuce, and Marie Rose sauce in a glass; peaked in 1970s Berni Inn dining, named the 'prawn cocktail offensive', and repeatedly revived since.
Prazepam
Prazepam (Centrax) is a benzodiazepine prodrug anxiolytic converted to N-desmethyldiazepam (half-life about 70 h); discontinued in the US, still authorized in Europe, DEA Schedule IV.
Praziquantel
Praziquantel (PZQ, Biltricide) is a 600 mg oral anthelmintic active against trematodes and cestodes, jointly discovered by Bayer and Merck in the 1970s. It is the WHO-recommended 40 mg/kg single-dose treatment and sole recommended drug for human schistosomiasis, used in mass drug administration.
Prazosin
Prazosin (Minipress) is a quinazoline alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist approved for hypertension and used off label for PTSD nightmares; evidence is mixed, with the 2023 VA/DoD guideline weakly favoring it for nightmares only.
PRC1
PRC1 (protein regulator of cytokinesis 1, ASE1/MAP65), human gene at 15q26.1 encoding a microtubule cross-linking CDK substrate essential for spindle midzone formation and cytokinesis; overexpressed in many cancers. Distinct from PRRC1 and Polycomb PRC1.
PRDM16
PRDM16 (PR/SET domain 16), gene at 1p36.32, is a zinc-finger transcription factor controlling brown and beige adipocyte identity, the Myf5-lineage brown fat versus myoblast fate switch, and a therapeutic target in obesity.
PRDX1
PRDX1, or peroxiredoxin 1, is a human protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p34.1 encoding an antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide, senses oxidative stress, and is linked to cancer progression.
PRDX2
PRDX2 (peroxiredoxin 2, NKEFB, PRP) is a human gene at 19p13.13 encoding a 198-aa typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin antioxidant enzyme, third most abundant erythrocyte protein, protecting against hemolytic anemia and implicated in cancer and neurodegeneration.
PRDX3
PRDX3 (peroxiredoxin 3, AOP1, SP22; HGNC:9354) is the exclusively mitochondrial human 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, the dominant matrix H2O2 scavenger via the Trx2/TrxR2 axis, upregulated in many cancers and linked to spinocerebellar ataxia 32.
PRDX4
PRDX4 (peroxiredoxin 4, Gene ID 10549, Xp22.11) encodes the only ER-localized peroxiredoxin, an H2O2-scavenging peroxidase that couples peroxide detoxification to oxidative protein folding via PDI, parallel to ERO1, with roles in inflammation, cancer, and biomarkers.
PRDX5
PRDX5, also called peroxiredoxin 5 or PrxV, is an antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite using thioredoxin, and the only atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin in mammals.
PRDX6
PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin 6, also 1-Cys, AOP2, aiPLA2) is the only mammalian 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, a bifunctional 25-kDa enzyme with GSH peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities, highly expressed in lung and implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance.
Pre-Analytical Phase
Pre-analytical phase (pre-examination phase): all laboratory testing steps from test ordering through patient preparation, sample collection, transport, and preparation before analysis; source of 60-70% of laboratory errors, led by hemolysis.
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
Indian law, Act No. 57 of 1994, also called the PCPNDT Act, banning foetal sex determination and sex selection before or after conception; regulates ultrasound clinics, sets penalties up to 5 years, and is enforced by Appropriate Authorities rather than police.
Pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy
Pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy (PDCD), including punctiform and polychromatic PPPCD, is a rare inherited stromal corneal dystrophy with deep stromal opacities anterior to Descemet membrane, asymptomatic, PRDX3-linked, good prognosis.
Pre-eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia, a hypertensive multi-organ disorder of pregnancy after 20 weeks (hypertension plus proteinuria), affects 3-8% of births; managed with aspirin prophylaxis, magnesium sulfate, and delivery.
Pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension
Pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (superimposed preeclampsia) is preeclampsia developing in a woman with hypertension before pregnancy or before 20 weeks, affecting roughly 20–25% of such pregnancies, harder to diagnose, and linked to worse maternal outcomes.
Pre-ejaculate
Pre-ejaculate (pre-cum, Cowper's fluid) is clear fluid released from the penis during arousal by the bulbourethral glands; it neutralizes urethral acidity, may contain sperm, and affects withdrawal-method contraception and HIV/STI risk.
Pre-excitation syndrome
Pre-excitation syndrome, chiefly Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW), is a cardiac condition where an accessory pathway bypasses the AV node, causing early ventricular activation, delta waves, AVRT, and risk of pre-excited atrial fibrillation; curable by catheter ablation.
PRE-EXELUCA trial
PRE-EXELUCA (NCT06215326) is a randomized controlled trial by Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital comparing intensities of preoperative exercise training in 100 moderate-to-high perioperative risk lung cancer patients before lung resection, measuring cardiopulmonary function and postoperative outcomes.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is antiretroviral medicine taken by HIV-negative people to prevent HIV, about 99% effective against sexual transmission when taken as prescribed. Options include daily Truvada, Descovy, injectable cabotegravir, and twice-yearly lenacapavir.