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Rhizoctonia
Rhizoctonia (DC. 1805) is a genus of soil-borne basidiomycete fungi, also historically split as Thanatephorus and Ceratobasidium, defined by non-sporing mycelium, sclerotia, and dolipore septa. Its best-known species, R. solani, is an anastomosis-grouped species complex infecting over 200 crop species, causing damping-off, root rot, and sheath blight.
Rhizoid
Rhizoid: unicellular or multicellular root-like filament anchoring bryophytes and fern or clubmoss gametophytes, absorbing water and ions; unlike true roots, lacks vascular tissue, root cap, and endogenous branching.
Rhizome
Rhizome: a horizontally growing modified plant stem at or just below the soil surface, bearing buds and roots at nodes; examples include iris, bamboo, and ginger; distinct from bulbs, corms, tubers, and stolons.
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP, RCDP1/PEX7-RCDP) is a rare autosomal recessive peroxisome biogenesis disorder causing rhizomelia, stippled cartilage calcifications, cataracts, and severe intellectual disability, with deficient plasmalogens and phytanic acid oxidation but normal VLCFA.
Rhizomnium dentatum
Rhizomnium dentatum is an extinct moss of the family Mniaceae, the first fossil species of the genus Rhizomnium, described in 2014 from five gametophyte fragments in Eocene Baltic amber and distinguished by shortly dentate leaf margins.
Rhizomucor
Rhizomucor, a genus of thermophilic Mucorales fungi (R. miehei, R. pusillus), grows above 50 °C, causes about 5% of mucormycosis cases, and yields industrial rennet and lipase enzymes.
Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices/G. irregulare) is a model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus symbiotic with ~80% of plant species; strain DAOM197198 was the first AMF genome sequenced.
Rhizophora
Rhizophora is a genus of six accepted mangrove tree species in Rhizophoraceae, including the red mangrove R. mangle, defined by prop roots, over 90% root salt exclusion, and buoyant viviparous propagules that disperse by floating.
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora apiculata (kongkang) is an Indo-West Pacific mangrove tree of Rhizophoraceae, dominant on estuarine mud from South Asia to Queensland, parent of two hybrids, used for charcoal and wood, IUCN Least Concern.
Rhizophora mangle
Rhizophora mangle, the red mangrove, is a viviparous stilt-rooted evergreen tree of tropical intertidal coasts of America and West Africa, tolerating 0-90 ppt salinity, IUCN Least Concern, invasive in Hawaii and Queensland.
Rhizophora mucronata
Rhizophora mucronata, Asiatic or loop-root mangrove (Rhizophoraceae), is a viviparous Indo-Pacific mangrove tree to 25 m with stilt roots and pointed leaves; bark yields tannin, parts serve traditional medicine, and it is IUCN Least Concern.
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae, the red mangrove family, is a mainly Old World tropical family of 15–16 genera and about 145 species in Malpighiales, including about half of the world's true mangrove species.
Rhizopus
Rhizopus, a genus of fast-growing Mucorales molds with rhizoids and sporangia, includes bread mold R. stolonifer, tempeh culture R. oligosporus, and R. arrhizus (syn. R. oryzae), the leading cause of mucormycosis.
Rhizopus oryzae
Rhizopus oryzae, synonym of Rhizopus arrhizus, is a Mucorales mold: the leading cause of mucormycosis worldwide and a GRAS industrial fungus producing lactic acid, fumaric acid, and lipases.
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifer, black bread mold (syn. R. nigricans), is a fast-growing Mucorales fungus causing soft rot of over 100 postharvest fruits; grows at 15–30°C, fails above 33°C, sporangia up to 275 μm.
Rhizosphere
Rhizosphere: the soil zone influenced by plant roots, coined by Lorenz Hiltner in 1904. Extends under 1 mm to about 10 mm; root exudates drive microbial activity, nutrient cycling, and rhizosphere engineering.
Rhizostoma pulmo
Rhizostoma pulmo, the barrel jellyfish (Macri, 1778), is a large Mediterranean and Black Sea scyphozoan with medium-severity stings; vinegar worsens its stings, seawater is advised, and warming lengthens its bloom season.
Rhizotomy
Rhizotomy, including endoscopic rhizotomy, is a procedure that cuts or lesions spinal nerve roots or their branches, most often to relieve chronic facet joint pain or reduce spasticity in cerebral palsy.
Rho GTPase-activating protein
Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs, ARHGAP family) are ~66 human proteins with a ~190-amino-acid catalytic domain and arginine finger that accelerate Rho GTPase GTP hydrolysis, terminating signaling; specificity comes from auxiliary domains.
Rho GTPase-activating protein domain
RhoGAP domain (BH domain), the ~150-190 amino acid catalytic module of Rho GTPase-activating proteins; uses a conserved arginine finger to accelerate Rho/Rac/Cdc42 GTP hydrolysis; 66 human members, intrinsically nonselective.
Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoG
RhoG (RHOG, UniProt P84095) is a human 191-amino-acid RAC-subfamily Rho GTPase, ~70% identical to Rac1, regulating actin reorganization, macropinocytosis, leukocyte migration, and the ELMO-DOCK-Rac pathway.
Rho(D) immune globulin
Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM, anti-D, RhIG) is a plasma-derived IgG anti-D injection preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative people; 300 µg doses at 26–28 weeks and within 72 hours postpartum cut HDFN by about 95%.
RHOA
RHOA (Ras homolog family member A) encodes a small GTPase molecular switch regulating actin cytoskeleton, motility, and cytokinesis; mutated at hotspots Y42C, G17V, and E40Q in gastric cancer and T-cell lymphomas.
Rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123 is a cell-permeant, cationic fluorescent dye of the rhodamine family that accumulates in mitochondria of living cells, used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential and ABCB1 efflux activity.
Rhodanese-like domain
Rhodanese-like domain (rhodanese homology domain, RHD): a ~120-residue protein module in all domains of life that transfers sulfane sulfur via a catalytic cysteine persulfide; found single, tandem, or fused, and related to Cdc25 phosphatases.
Rhode Island Hospital
Rhode Island Hospital, founded in 1863 in Providence, is Rhode Island's largest hospital, the state's only Level I trauma center, and Brown University's principal teaching hospital.
Rhode Island Red
Rhode Island Red, American dual-purpose chicken breed from Massachusetts and Rhode Island, developed from Malay, Java, and Leghorn stock; mahogany-red plumage, brown eggs, 200-300 eggs yearly, Rhode Island's state bird since 1954.
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Rhodesian Ridgeback, or African Lion Hound, a large southern African hound breed with a backward-growing dorsal ridge, developed by Cornelius van Rooyen from Khoikhoi dogs, used to bay lions, recognized 1924, AKC 1955.
Rhodesiense trypanosomiasis
Rhodesiense trypanosomiasis (rHAT, East African sleeping sickness), acute form of human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, tsetse-fly transmitted zoonosis of eastern and southern Africa; fexinidazole first-line since 2024.
Rhodiola rosea
Rhodiola rosea (rosenroot, arctic root, golden root), Crassulaceae succulent perennial of the subarctic Northern Hemisphere; root used traditionally as an adaptogen for stress and fatigue; EU traditional-use monograph; clinical evidence inconclusive; wild stocks overharvested.