72,234 articles
River shark
River sharks, genus Glyphis, rare tropical requiem sharks of Indo-West Pacific rivers and estuaries; euryhaline like the bull shark, with five described species, all IUCN-listed threatened.
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire
The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) is a 16-item self-report questionnaire rating the severity of post-concussion symptoms such as headache and dizziness after head injury, introduced in 1995.
Riverview Hospital (Coquitlam)
Riverview Hospital, also known as Essondale, was British Columbia's psychiatric hospital in Coquitlam from 1913 to 2012, peaking above 4,700 patients before deinstitutionalization; its lands are now səmiq̓wəʔelə.
Riviciclib
Riviciclib (P276-00) is a flavone-derived, ATP-competitive CDK1/4/9 inhibitor developed by Nicholas Piramal/Piramal Enterprises. It reached phase II trials in mantle cell lymphoma, melanoma, and head and neck cancer before development was discontinued.
Rivipansel
Rivipansel (GMI-1070), a small-molecule pan-selectin antagonist developed by GlycoMimetics and Pfizer for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis; safe but failed the phase 3 RESET trial primary endpoint.
Rivka Dikstein
Rivka Dikstein is an Israeli molecular biologist, a full professor and Dean of the Faculty of Biochemistry at the Weizmann Institute of Science, known for showing that the TFIID subunit TAFII250 is a protein kinase.
Rivoceranib
Rivoceranib (apatinib, YN968D1) is an oral VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved in China for gastric cancer and, with camrelizumab, first-line liver cancer; not FDA approved, pending review.
Rivoglitazone
Rivoglitazone (CS-011), a potent PPARγ-agonist thiazolidinedione developed by Daiichi Sankyo for type 2 diabetes; reached phase III with HbA1c reductions superior to pioglitazone but was discontinued in 2009 and never marketed.
Rivulidae
Rivulidae (New World rivulines), Neotropical killifish family of Cyprinodontiformes; about 450-501 species, annual species with diapausing eggs, includes the only self-fertilizing vertebrates (Kryptolebias).
Rixosome
Rixosome: conserved multi-subunit nuclear complex (PELP1, WDR18, TEX10, LAS1L, NOL9, SENP3) that removes ITS2 during ribosome assembly and silences Polycomb target genes by degrading nascent RNA via XRN2.
Rizatriptan
Rizatriptan, marketed as Maxalt and Maxalt-MLT, is a triptan drug acting on serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, FDA approved in 1998 to treat migraine attacks with or without aura.
RK 13
RK 13 (RK13, Glaxo Laboratories Rabbit Kidney 13) is a spontaneously immortalized rabbit kidney epithelial cell line established in 1959, ATCC CCL-37, used as a susceptible host for rubella, vaccinia, herpes, and other viruses.
rKA-KA-TKA trial
rKA-TKA (restricted kinematic alignment total knee arthroplasty), introduced by Vendittoli in 2011, restores native knee alignment within safe zones of HKA ±3° and ±5° component angles; randomized trials versus mechanical alignment show better KSS and WOMAC but similar OKS, KOOS, and FJS.
RL95-2
RL95-2 (CVCL_0505, ATCC CRL-1671) is a human endometrial adenosquamous carcinoma cell line from a 65-year-old woman, MSI-high, ER-positive, used in cancer research and as a receptive-endometrium adhesion model.
RLN2
RLN2 (relaxin 2, H2 relaxin, RLX2) is the human chromosome 9p24 gene encoding circulating relaxin-2, a corpus luteum insulin-like peptide hormone acting via RXFP1; its recombinant form serelaxin was trialed in acute heart failure.
RMG-I
RMG-I (RMG1, RMG-1; CVCL_1662) is a human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1988 from ascites of a 34-year-old Japanese woman; aneuploid, CDKN2A-deleted, listed by ICLAC as contaminated by RMG-II.
RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded nucleic acid with ribose and uracil that carries genetic information, catalyzes reactions, and regulates genes; classes include mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA, and 27 RNA therapeutics were FDA-approved as of August 2026.
RNA activation
RNA activation (RNAa): gene upregulation by 21-nt small activating RNAs (saRNAs) targeting promoters via Ago2 and the RITA complex, conserved from C. elegans to humans; MTL-CEBPA is in clinical trials.
RNA amplification
RNA amplification is a molecular biology technique that copies RNA from very small samples into larger amounts for microarray hybridization or sequencing, classically by T7 in vitro transcription.
RNA Bind-n-Seq
RNA Bind-n-Seq (RBNS) is an in vitro assay, introduced in 2014, that measures the binding specificity of RNA-binding proteins across random RNA sequences using deep sequencing.
RNA biology
RNA biology: the life-science field studying RNA structure, processing, modifications, and regulatory roles, and the source of RNAi, CRISPR-Cas9, and mRNA vaccines; also the name of the Taylor & Francis journal RNA Biology (ISSN 1547-6286, founded 2004).
RNA editing
RNA editing: post-transcriptional alteration of RNA sequences (A-to-I by ADAR, C-to-U by APOBEC, uridine insertion/deletion) that recodes transcripts without changing DNA; reversible, doseable, and the basis of emerging therapeutic RNA base editors.
RNA editing and modification in cancer
RNA editing and modification in cancer describes how ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing and m6A methylation by METTL3 and related enzymes promote or suppress tumors like glioblastoma and liver cancer.
RNA editing in neurological and immune disease
RNA editing in neurological and immune disease describes how ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing, when deficient or excessive, contributes to ALS, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, and autoimmune inflammation.
RNA editing in plant organelles
RNA editing in plant organelles is the post-transcriptional conversion of cytidine to uridine in chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts of land plants, discovered in 1989 and guided by PPR proteins.
RNA elements and technologies
RNA elements are sequences and structures within an RNA molecule that regulate or catalyze that same molecule without proteins, including metabolite-sensing riboswitches and ribozymes, the catalytic RNAs discovered in 1982.
RNA extraction
RNA extraction is the laboratory method that isolates RNA from cells or tissues, separating it from DNA, protein, and other contaminants so the RNA can be measured or sequenced.
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA FISH) detects and locates specific RNA molecules in fixed cells with fluorescent probes, counting individual transcripts and revealing their subcellular positions.
RNA guanine-N7 methyltransferase activating subunit
RAMAC (RAM, FAM103A1, C15orf18) is a human 118-aa nuclear protein, the vertebrate-specific activating subunit of the RNMT:RAMAC mRNA cap methyltransferase complex that methylates the N7 position of the mRNA 5' cap guanosine.
RNA immunoprecipitation
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) is a molecular biology technique that uses an antibody against a protein to isolate the RNAs bound to it, read out by PCR, microarray, or sequencing.