72,234 articles
Diabetic lactic acidosis
Diabetic lactic acidosis (ICD-11 5A22.1) is a serious diabetes complication with blood lactate >5 mmol/L and pH <7.35, occurring in DKA or as metformin-associated lactic acidosis, treated by stopping metformin, support, and dialysis in severe cases.
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy (diabetic amyotrophy, DLRPN, Bruns-Garland syndrome) is a rare diabetic neuropathy causing subacute proximal leg pain and weakness from nerve microvasculitis; immunotherapy lacks trial evidence.
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy, also called diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is diabetes-caused chronic kidney disease marked by albuminuria (UACR >30 mg/g) and falling eGFR; first described by Kimmelstiel and Wilson in 1936, now treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone.
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy, or diabetic neuropathies, is nerve damage caused by high blood glucose, affecting up to half of people with diabetes, most often in the feet and legs.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes damaging retinal blood vessels, progresses from nonproliferative disease to proliferative DR and diabetic macular edema; treated with anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy.
Diabetic retinopathy screening
Diabetic retinopathy screening is a systematic eye examination, usually digital fundus photography, that detects retinal damage from diabetes before symptoms appear, since early treatment can prevent vision loss.
Diabetic skin lesions
Diabetic skin lesions (ICD-11 EB90.0) are skin changes caused by diabetes mellitus, including infections, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica, and foot ulcers; pooled prevalence is about 70% of diabetic patients.
Diabetologia
Diabetologia (ISSN 0012-186X) is the official peer-reviewed journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, published by Springer Nature since 1965; monthly, hybrid, 2025 impact factor 10.4, acceptance below 15%.
DIABLO (gene)
DIABLO (SMAC) is a human chromosome 12 gene encoding a mitochondrial pro-apoptotic protein that binds IAPs via its AVPI motif to free caspases; discovered in 2000, linked to DFNA64 deafness, and the basis of Smac-mimetic cancer drugs.
Diabrotica speciosa
Diabrotica speciosa (vaquita de San Antonio, cucurbit beetle), a South American chrysomelid leaf beetle pest of maize, potato, peanut, and cucurbits; EPPO A1 quarantine pest absent from Europe.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata
Diabrotica undecimpunctata, the spotted cucumber beetle (southern corn rootworm, subspecies howardi; western spotted cucumber beetle, subsp. undecimpunctata), is a polyphagous North American chrysomelid pest of cucurbits, corn, and beans that vectors bacterial wilt and mosaic viruses and is an EPPO A1 quarantine pest.
Diabrotica virgifera
Diabrotica virgifera (western corn rootworm), a North American chrysomelid beetle and major maize pest; subspecies virgifera and zeae; invasive in Europe since 1992; managed by crop rotation.
Diacerein
Diacerein (diacetylrhein), an anthraquinone IL-1beta inhibitor synthesized in 1980, treats hip and knee osteoarthritis symptoms; EU-restricted in 2014 for diarrhoea and liver risks, not marketed in the US.
Diacylglycerol kinase
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK, EC 2.7.1.107), also called DAG kinase, is a lipid kinase family phosphorylating diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid; ten mammalian isoforms in five types regulate immune, neural, and metabolic signaling.
Diacylglycerol oil
Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, an edible oil with at least 80% diacylglycerol, marketed as Econa Oil and approved as GRAS by FDA (GRN 56, 115); withdrawn from sale in 2009 over glycidyl ester contaminants.
Diad
Diad (cardiac dyad): junction between a cardiomyocyte T-tubule and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, about 15 nm cleft, where L-type Ca2+ channels trigger RyR2 calcium-induced calcium release; cardiac counterpart of the skeletal muscle triad.
Diadema antillarum
Diadema antillarum, the long-spined sea urchin, is the keystone herbivore of Caribbean coral reefs. A 1983–1984 die-off killed over 95% of populations, causing algal dominance; a 2022 scuticociliate outbreak struck again.
Diafenthiuron
Diafenthiuron is a thiourea insecticide and acaricide, sold as Polo and launched in 1991, that controls mites, aphids, whiteflies, and other sucking pests on cotton, vegetables, and fruit.
Diagnosis and classification of endometriosis
Diagnosis of endometriosis relies on symptoms, transvaginal ultrasound, MRI, and sometimes surgery with histology, since no single test suffices; rASRM, #Enzian, and the Endometriosis Fertility Index classify its extent.
Diagnosis and epidemiology of protozoal infections
Diagnosis and epidemiology of protozoal infections describes how single-celled parasites such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica are detected and tracked, covering microscopy, antigen tests, molecular methods, and outbreak investigation.
Diagnosis and imaging of hemorrhagic stroke
Diagnosis and imaging of hemorrhagic stroke uses non-contrast CT as the first-line test to confirm bleeding, followed by CTA spot sign, MRI, and lumbar puncture to find underlying causes.
Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic myelogenous leukemia rest on the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene from the Philadelphia chromosome, tracked by cytogenetics, FISH, and quantitative PCR, with results reported on the International Scale.
Diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic coronary disease
Diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic coronary disease (CCD) estimates how likely a symptomatic patient is to have obstructive coronary artery disease, guiding test selection.
Diagnosis and treatment of human mite infestations
Diagnosis and treatment of human mite infestations covers how scabies and other mite conditions are confirmed by scraping or dermoscopy and treated with permethrin or ivermectin.
Diagnosis and treatment of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas
Mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas are cancers of mature T cells and NK cells, about 10 to 15 percent of lymphomas, diagnosed by biopsy and staged with PET-CT.
Diagnosis of arachnophobia
The diagnosis of arachnophobia classifies spider phobia as a specific phobia under DSM-5 and ICD-11, diagnosed when marked fear of spiders persists 6 months or more and causes clinically significant distress or impairment.
Diagnosis of brain tumors
The diagnosis of brain tumors is a stepwise workup: CT and contrast-enhanced MRI characterize a suspected mass, and biopsy with molecular profiling assigns type and grade.
Diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation
Diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) proceeds from transferrin isoelectric focusing screening through enzyme assays to gene sequencing, since over 160 CDG types are recognized.
Diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the process of confirming the X-linked muscle disease, typically by creatine kinase testing followed by genetic testing of the DMD gene.
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS: detecting HIV infection via NAT, antigen/antibody, and antibody tests with defined window periods, CDC screening and algorithm guidance, self-testing reliability, and the history from the 1985 ELISA onward.