12 articles
Active layer (permafrost)
The active layer is the top layer of ground in permafrost terrain that thaws each summer and freezes again each winter, also called seasonal frost.
Boulder field
Boulder field: a geomorphic term for boulder-covered landforms of glacial or periglacial origin, including block fields (felsenmeer), glacial till, and talus slopes; mostly Pleistocene relicts, 50,000–10,000 years old, that can persist through multiple glacial cycles.
Frost heave
Frost heave is the upward displacement of the ground surface caused by ice lenses forming in freezing soil, damaging roads, railways, pipelines, and building foundations in cold regions.
Glacial erosion
Glacial erosion is the removal and transport of bedrock and sediment by glaciers, accomplished mainly through quarrying, abrasion, and subglacial meltwater, carving cirques, U-shaped valleys, and fjords.
Ice wedge
An ice wedge is a vertical, wedge-shaped mass of ground ice in permafrost, grown over centuries by repeated winter cracking, that forms polygonal patterns across Arctic tundra.
Outwash plain
An outwash plain is a broad, gently sloping plain of glacial sediment deposited by meltwater streams beyond a glacier's margin, known in Icelandic as a sandur.
Palsa
A palsa, from the Lappish and Finnish word for a bog hummock, is a peat-covered permafrost mound with an ice core, rising above mires in subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Patterned ground
Patterned ground is ground displaying regular geometric shapes such as circles, polygons, nets, steps, and stripes, produced by frost action in cold climates; similar polygons also occur on Mars.
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound, also called glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), is the slow rise of land depressed by ice sheets, continuing thousands of years after the ice melts.
Rock glacier
A rock glacier is a lobate or tongue-shaped landform of rock debris containing ice that creeps slowly downslope under permafrost, marked by a steep front and ridges.
Solifluction
Solifluction is the slow downslope movement of soil in cold, non-glacial environments, driven by freeze-thaw action in fine-textured soils, a term coined by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1906.
Talik
A talik, from a Siberian word introduced to science by Siemon W. Muller in 1945, is ground that stays unfrozen year-round within permafrost, moving water and heat through frozen ground.