Volcanic features and deposits

Almolonga

Almolonga (Volcán de Almolonga, Cerro Quemado) is a 3,173 m Guatemalan stratovolcano with a late-Pleistocene caldera near Quezaltenango; last erupted 1818, VEI 2, with a fatal 1991 geothermal landslide.

Bardarbunga

Bardarbunga is a subglacial basaltic stratovolcano beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap in central Iceland, best known for the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption, Iceland's largest since the 1783 Laki event.

Blanco, Cerro

Cerro Blanco (Robledo) is a 4,670 m Holocene caldera in Catamarca, Argentina, source of the Central Andes' largest Holocene eruption (~4.2 ka, >100 km3 tephra), now slowly subsiding with an active blind geothermal field.

Bridge River Cones

The Bridge River Cones are a small basaltic volcanic field in the Garibaldi volcanic belt of southwest British Columbia, Canada, about 40 km west of Gold Bridge.

Chachimbiro

Chachimbiro, a 4,106 m composite stratovolcano in Imbabura, Ecuador, 25 km NW of Ibarra; last erupted about 3740 BCE, tops Ecuador's 4-factor volcanic risk ranking, and hosts the country's first 50 MW geothermal project.

Chichinautzin

Sierra Chichinautzin (Chichinautzin volcanic field): monogenetic volcanic field of 220+ scoria cones, shields, and domes south of Mexico City in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; last eruption Xitle ~400 CE, burying Cuicuilco.

Dieng Volcanic Complex

Dieng Volcanic Complex (Kompleks Vulkanik Dieng): a late Quaternary complex volcano and highland plateau in Central Java, Indonesia, with active phreatic craters, a deadly 1979 CO2 eruption, geothermal fields, and ancient Hindu temples.

Erciyes Volcanic Complex

Erciyes Volcanic Complex (Erciyes Dağı, Argaeus Mons) is central Anatolia's largest active stratovolcano, 3917 m, with a 14 × 18 km Koç Dağ caldera, Holocene Karagüllü, Perikartin, and Dikkartin tuff-ring eruptions, and Kayseri built on its deposits.

Eruption column

An eruption column is the vertical or near-vertical mixture of pyroclasts, volcanic gas, and entrained air rising from an explosive volcanic vent, from a few hundred meters into the stratosphere.

Gilwern Volcanic Formation

Gilwern Volcanic Formation (GIVO, Gwn): Llanvirn Middle Ordovician unit of the Builth Volcanic Group in the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales; basic lapilli tuffs, reworked tuffaceous sandstones, dacite domes, and the Castle Bank Biota.

Gorny Institute

Gorny Institute (Gornogo Instituta, Gornyi Institute) is a 2,125 m Holocene stratovolcano in the central Sredinny Range, Kamchatka, Russia; last major eruption about 700 years ago (1250 CE).

Great Sitkin

Great Sitkin is an active andesitic stratovolcano with a summit caldera on uninhabited Great Sitkin Island in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in continuous eruption since May 2021 with slow lava effusion since July 2021.

Heart Peaks

Heart Peaks: Pleistocene shield volcano with rhyolite lava domes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, NW British Columbia, Canada; 2,012 m, no Holocene eruptions, low ash hazard, epithermal gold-silver prospect.

Ichinsky

Ichinsky (Ichinskaya Sopka, Icha) is Kamchatka's highest Sredinny Range stratovolcano, 3,596-3,621 m, a 450 km3 edifice with a glacier-filled caldera; last erupted 1740 CE, largest Holocene eruption about 6,500 BP.

Infiernillo

Infiernillo (GVP 357041) is a late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic andesite volcanic field in Mendoza, Argentina, along the Río Salado near Malargüe; last eruption 6890 BCE at Volcán Hoyo Colorado; distinct from Mexican and Salvadoran places named Infiernillo.

Irruputuncu

Irruputuncu (Irruputunco, Iruputuncu) is a small active Chile-Bolivia border stratovolcano, 5,163 m, Central Andean arc, fumarolic, whose only confirmed eruption was a minor VEI 2 phreatic event in 1995.

Khodutka

Khodutka (Ходутка), also Golygina, is a 2,039 m stratovolcano in southern Kamchatka, Russia. Its VEI 5 Khodutkinsky maar eruption about 2,800 years ago spread tephra across southern Kamchatka; the last summit lava flow dates to about 2,000–2,500 years ago.

Lapilli

Lapilli, meaning "little stones" in Italian, are fragments of lava or rock between 2 and 64 mm across blasted into the air by volcanic explosions, a middle size class of tephra.

Lava lake

A lava lake is a persistent body of molten lava at the top of a volcano's magma column, kept molten by convection for years to decades.

Meager

Meager (Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, Qw'elqw'elústen) is Canada's northernmost Cascade arc volcano in British Columbia; VEI 4 eruption about 2360 years BP, Canada's greatest-threat volcano, major 2010 landslide.

Meidob Volcanic Field

Meidob Volcanic Field (Meidob Hills), alkaline volcanic field in western Sudan at the NE end of the Darfur volcanic province; 5,000 km2, nearly 700 vents, 7 Ma to 5 ka activity, last eruption 2950 BCE.

Mono Lake Volcanic Field

Mono Lake Volcanic Field: basalt-to-rhyolite vents in and around Mono Lake, Mono County, California, near Lee Vining. Features Black Point, Negit, Paoha Island; last activity about 300 years ago; moderate USGS threat potential.

Mugogo

Mugogo, a small extinct cinder cone in North Kivu, DR Congo, Virunga Volcanic Province; formed in the 45-hour 1957 eruption (VEI 1) with rare ankaratrite lava; summit 2,338 m, volcano number 223045.

Naolinco Volcanic Field

Naolinco Volcanic Field (Naolinca de Victoria Volcanic Field), a Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field of pyroclastic cones and basaltic flows in the Sierra de Chiconquiaco, Veracruz, Mexico; last erupted about 1145 CE from El Volcancillo, whose Río Naolinco pāhoehoe flow ran 50 km.

Omanago Group

Omanago Group (大真名子山) is a cluster of closely spaced dacitic lava domes in Nikko National Park, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, built north of Nantai volcano, with a last known eruption around 3050 BCE.

Payun Matru

Payún Matrú (Payun Matru), a Quaternary shield volcano with an 8-10 km summit caldera in Mendoza, Argentina, center of the 5,200 km² Payún Matrú volcanic field, source of Earth's longest known Quaternary lava flow.

Pillow lava

Pillow lava is fluid, usually basaltic lava that chills in contact with water and solidifies as rounded, pillow-shaped masses with glassy skins, forming most new ocean floor.

Poco Mandasawu

Poco Mandasawu (Gunung Poco Mandasawu, Poco Likang) is a lava dome of the Ranakah volcanic complex in south-central Flores, Indonesia, near Ruteng; elevations 2,109-2,370 m are published, and the 1987 Anak Ranakah dome eruption ended 400 dormant years.

Pululahua

Pululahua, a potentially active dacitic-andesitic lava dome complex 15 km north of Quito, Ecuador, with a ~3 km depression formed by VEI ~4 eruptions 2.6–2.3 ka; last eruption ~2.2 ka; inhabited crater and geobotanical reserve.