17 articles
Bulk silicate Earth
Bulk silicate Earth, or primitive mantle, is the geochemical reference composition of Earth's silicate portion, the mantle plus crust, serving as the starting point for estimating the whole Earth's composition.
Core formation
Core formation is the differentiation process in which molten iron sinks through a rocky planet's or asteroid's silicate interior to form a dense metallic core, fixing the core and mantle compositions seen today.
Core–mantle interaction
Core–mantle interaction is the exchange of heat, momentum, and chemical constituents between Earth's liquid iron outer core and silicate mantle across a boundary about 2,900 km deep.
D″ layer
The D″ layer is the lowermost 200 to 300 km of Earth's mantle, lying directly above the core-mantle boundary at about 2,900 km depth and seismically distinct from the lower mantle.
Earth's outer core
Earth's outer core is the liquid iron-nickel alloy shell surrounding the solid inner core, between about 2,890 and 5,150 km deep, whose churning metal generates Earth's magnetic field.
Gutenberg discontinuity
The Gutenberg discontinuity is the seismic boundary about 2,900 km down where Earth's solid mantle meets its liquid iron outer core, named for Beno Gutenberg.
Inner core rotation
Inner core rotation is the spin of Earth's solid inner core relative to the mantle, inferred from tiny changes in seismic wave travel times since 1996.
Internal structure of Mars
The internal structure of Mars is its layered crust, mantle, and core, revealed by NASA's InSight lander, which measured a thin mantle and a large, liquid iron–nickel core.
Iron hydride
Iron hydride (FeHₓ) is a compound of iron and hydrogen, stable as a solid or melt only under gigapascal pressures and studied as a candidate component of Earth's core.
Large low-shear-velocity provinces
Large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) are two continent-sized regions of slow seismic waves at the base of Earth's mantle, one beneath Africa and one beneath the Pacific, identified by seismic tomography.
Late veneer
The late veneer is chondritic meteoritic material that geochemical models add to Earth's mantle after core formation, explaining why highly siderophile elements like platinum remain abundant there.
Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is the boundary in the uppermost mantle between the rigid lithosphere forming the tectonic plates and the ductile asthenosphere on which the plates move.
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a buoyant upwelling of hot, low-viscosity rock rising through Earth's mantle, proposed in the 1970s to explain hotspot volcanism; the classic example is the Hawaiian chain.
Mantle transition zone
The mantle transition zone (MTZ) is the layer of Earth's mantle between about 410 and 660 km depth, separating the upper mantle from the lower mantle.
Missing xenon
Missing xenon, also called the missing xenon paradox or missing Xe problem, is the shortfall of over 90% of Earth's expected atmospheric xenon relative to chondritic meteorites.
Post-perovskite
Post-perovskite is a high-pressure form of magnesium silicate, formed when bridgmanite transforms near Earth's core–mantle boundary; discovered in 2004, it explains the D″ seismic discontinuity.
Terrestrial heat flow
Terrestrial heat flow is the rate at which heat escapes from the Earth's interior through its surface, measured in milliwatts per square meter and compiled in the Global Heat Flow Database.