335 articles
Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada)
The Institute of Ocean Sciences is a Fisheries and Oceans Canada research facility in Sidney, British Columbia, a Pacific coast center for ocean science and hydrography since 1979.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international scientific ocean drilling program, co-led by the United States and Japan, that operated from 2003 to 2013.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, established in 1960, is the United Nations' lead body for ocean science, coordinating research, ocean observation, and tsunami warning systems.
Internal tide
An internal tide, also called a baroclinic tide, is an internal gravity wave with tidal periodicity, generated in the stratified ocean where tidal currents flow over ridges, seamounts, and shelf breaks. It drives deep-ocean mixing.
Internal wave
An internal wave is a wave that propagates within a density-stratified fluid such as the ocean or atmosphere, where gravity restores displaced water and amplitudes can reach hundreds of meters.
International Arctic Buoy Programme
The International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) is an international cooperative program maintaining drifting buoys across the Arctic Ocean, providing meteorological and oceanographic data continuously since 1979.
International Indian Ocean Expedition
The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was a multinational oceanographic program, running through 1965, that made the first coordinated, basin-wide survey of the Indian Ocean.
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also called the littoral zone, is the shore area between high and low tide, submerged at high tide and exposed to air at low tide.
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization, more fully ocean iron fertilization (OIF), is a proposed carbon dioxide removal technique that adds iron to iron-poor surface waters, stimulating phytoplankton growth and carbon export to the deep ocean.
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (海洋研究開発機構)
The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, known as JAMSTEC, is Japan's national agency for marine and earth sciences, founded in 1971 and headquartered in Yokosuka.
Jason ROV
Jason is a two-body deep-ocean remotely operated vehicle built and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, rated to 6,500 meters and reaching 98 percent of the global seafloor.
Jason-1
Jason-1 was a joint NASA and CNES oceanography satellite launched December 7, 2001, continuing the TOPEX/Poseidon sea-surface height record until transmitter failure ended it in 2013.
Jason-2
Jason-2, also called the Ocean Surface Topography Mission, was a satellite operated by CNES, NASA, EUMETSAT, and NOAA that measured sea surface height from 2008 to 2019.
Jason-3
Jason-3 is a U.S.-European ocean-observing satellite launched in 2016 by NOAA, NASA, CNES, and EUMETSAT, the fourth Jason mission measuring sea surface height to study sea level rise and climate.
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse (1741–1788) was a French naval officer who led a round-the-world voyage of discovery and vanished with both ships in the South Pacific in 1788.
Jean-Michel Cousteau
Jean-Michel Cousteau, born in 1938 in Toulon, France, is a French ocean explorer and environmentalist, eldest son of Jacques-Yves Cousteau and founder of the Ocean Futures Society.
Jeffrey W. Book
Jeffrey W. Book is an American physical oceanographer at the Naval Research Laboratory in Mississippi, known for shallow-sea and strait circulation research and a 2011 Presidential Early Career Award.
JOIDES Resolution
The JOIDES Resolution was a riserless scientific drillship that drilled the ocean floor for core samples, serving international ocean drilling programs from 1985 until its retirement in September 2024.
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international marine research program launched in 1987 under SCOR to quantify carbon fluxes in the ocean and atmosphere.
Kelvin wave
A Kelvin wave is a rotating-fluid wave trapped by the Coriolis effect against a coast or the equator, carrying warm water eastward across the Pacific during El Niño.
Kuroshio Current (黒潮)
The Kuroshio, also known as the Japan current, is a warm ocean current flowing northeastward past Taiwan and Japan, the Pacific counterpart of the Gulf Stream.
Labrador Sea Water
Labrador Sea Water is a cold, fresh intermediate-depth water mass of the North Atlantic, formed by winter deep convection in the central Labrador Sea and spread across the Atlantic.
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, founded in 1949 on a Hudson River estate in Palisades, New York, is Columbia University's Earth science research center, known for seafloor mapping that laid the groundwork for plate tectonics.
Lee-Lueng Fu
Lee-Lueng Fu is a Taiwanese-American physical oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who led satellite altimetry missions measuring sea level, including TOPEX/Poseidon and SWOT, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008.
List of oceanographers
The list of oceanographers covers notable scientists who study the ocean, spanning pioneers like Matthew Fontaine Maury to modern figures like Marie Tharp and Dean Roemmich.
Marginal ice zone
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) is the dynamic interface between open ocean and sea ice, where waves break the cover into small floes and strongly influence atmosphere–ocean heat fluxes.
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth, in the western Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines near Guam, whose deepest point, Challenger Deep, reaches about 10,935 meters.
Marine biology
Marine biology is the study of organisms living in the sea, from microbes to whales. Covers its history from Phoenician voyages and the Challenger era to WHOI and Scripps, physiological adaptation to warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, and modern eDNA and deep-learning methods.
Marine Research Aquarium
Marine Research Aquarium: name shared by research aquarium facilities, notably ICAR-CMFRI aquaria at Calicut and Sagarika Vizhinjam in Kerala, the Sea Point aquarium in Cape Town, and the Australian Antarctic Division krill aquarium in Tasmania.
Matthew Fontaine Maury
Matthew Fontaine Maury, also called Matthew F. Maury, was an American naval officer and oceanographer, known as the Father of Modern Oceanography for his wind and current charts.