751 articles
Image velocimetry
Image velocimetry is a family of image-based methods that estimate fluid flow velocities by tracking particles or surface patterns across images, producing a two-dimensional velocity field.
Index flood method
The index flood method is a regional flood frequency analysis technique introduced by Tate Dalrymple of the US Geological Survey in 1960, pooling flood records across a homogeneous region.
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean basin, bounded by Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Southern Ocean, and the only one closed by land to the north.
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWMS) is the UNESCO-IOC-coordinated system detecting Indian Ocean tsunamis and issuing threat advisories, established in 2005 in response to the 2004 tsunami that killed almost 230,000 people.
Infiltration (hydrology)
Infiltration, also called water infiltration, is the movement of water from the land surface into soil through pores, feeding the root zone and recharging aquifers.
Infiltration capacity
Infiltration capacity, also called infiltrability, is the maximum rate at which soil can absorb water at its surface, a concept introduced by Robert E. Horton in the early 1940s.
Inland Waters (journal)
Inland Waters is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering limnology and the management of inland aquatic ecosystems, official journal of the International Society of Limnology since 2011.
Instantaneous unit hydrograph
The instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) is the theoretical runoff response of a watershed to a unit depth of excess rainfall applied instantaneously, proposed by J. E. Nash in 1957.
Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada)
The Institute of Ocean Sciences is a Fisheries and Oceans Canada research facility in Sidney, British Columbia, a Pacific coast center for ocean science and hydrography since 1979.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international scientific ocean drilling program, co-led by the United States and Japan, that operated from 2003 to 2013.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, established in 1960, is the United Nations' lead body for ocean science, coordinating research, ocean observation, and tsunami warning systems.
Internal phosphorus loading
Internal phosphorus loading is the release of phosphorus from a lake's own sediments into the water, distinct from external loading, and often the main summer phosphorus load in eutrophic lakes.
Internal tide
An internal tide, also called a baroclinic tide, is an internal gravity wave with tidal periodicity, generated in the stratified ocean where tidal currents flow over ridges, seamounts, and shelf breaks. It drives deep-ocean mixing.
Internal wave
An internal wave is a wave that propagates within a density-stratified fluid such as the ocean or atmosphere, where gravity restores displaced water and amplitudes can reach hundreds of meters.
International Arctic Buoy Programme
The International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) is an international cooperative program maintaining drifting buoys across the Arctic Ocean, providing meteorological and oceanographic data continuously since 1979.
International Association of Hydrogeologists
The International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) is a UK-based charitable organization of groundwater professionals, founded in 1956, with over 5,000 members in more than 130 countries.
International Association of Hydrological Sciences
The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is a UK-registered non-profit organization promoting hydrology worldwide, founded in 1922, with more than 13,000 members in over 170 countries.
International Hydrological Decade
The International Hydrological Decade was a ten-year UNESCO program on water research, running from 1965 to 1974 and spanning all branches of hydrology in 107 countries.
International Hydrological Programme
The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is UNESCO's intergovernmental scientific program for water research, resources management, education, and capacity development, founded in 1975 to continue the International Hydrological Decade.
International Indian Ocean Expedition
The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was a multinational oceanographic program, running through 1965, that made the first coordinated, basin-wide survey of the Indian Ocean.
International Water Management Institute
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a CGIAR research organization headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, founded in 1984, that works with governments to solve water problems in developing countries.
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also called the littoral zone, is the shore area between high and low tide, submerged at high tide and exposed to air at low tide.
Inundation model
An inundation model is a computational model that simulates how floodwater spreads over land, predicting water depth and flooded extent from river, coastal, or rainfall events.
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization, more fully ocean iron fertilization (OIF), is a proposed carbon dioxide removal technique that adds iron to iron-poor surface waters, stimulating phytoplankton growth and carbon export to the deep ocean.
Isotope hydrology
Isotope hydrology is the application of isotope measurements, chiefly isotopes of the water molecule, to trace the origin, movement, age, and chemical history of water.
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (海洋研究開発機構)
The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, known as JAMSTEC, is Japan's national agency for marine and earth sciences, founded in 1971 and headquartered in Yokosuka.
Jason ROV
Jason is a two-body deep-ocean remotely operated vehicle built and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, rated to 6,500 meters and reaching 98 percent of the global seafloor.
Jason-1
Jason-1 was a joint NASA and CNES oceanography satellite launched December 7, 2001, continuing the TOPEX/Poseidon sea-surface height record until transmitter failure ended it in 2013.
Jason-2
Jason-2, also called the Ocean Surface Topography Mission, was a satellite operated by CNES, NASA, EUMETSAT, and NOAA that measured sea surface height from 2008 to 2019.
Jason-3
Jason-3 is a U.S.-European ocean-observing satellite launched in 2016 by NOAA, NASA, CNES, and EUMETSAT, the fourth Jason mission measuring sea surface height to study sea level rise and climate.