751 articles
Flood risk mapping
Flood risk mapping is a geospatial method that identifies flood-prone areas and combines modeled flood extent with exposure data to support land-use planning, insurance rating, and flood risk management.
Flood routing
Flood routing is the group of methods for determining the shape and timing of a flood wave as it moves along a channel, from a known hydrograph at another point.
Flood runoff
Flood runoff: water from precipitation flowing over land surfaces, including paved urban surfaces, into streams and causing high flow. Also called stormwater or urban runoff; generated by infiltration-excess or saturation-excess overland flow.
Floodplain delineation
Floodplain delineation is the process of drawing the boundary of the area a flood of a specified magnitude would inundate, typically by intersecting predicted water levels with terrain data.
Floods in China
Floods in China, also called flooding in China, are a recurring hazard from monsoon rains on seven major rivers, with floods like those of 1931 and 1998 among history's deadliest.
Flow
Environmental flow (e-flow): the quantity, timing, and quality of river flows needed to sustain freshwater ecosystems alongside human use; assessed by hydrological, habitat-simulation, and holistic methods such as Tennant, BBM, and DRIFT.
Flow duration curve
A flow duration curve (FDC) is a cumulative frequency curve showing the percentage of time specified stream discharges were equaled or exceeded, widely used in hydrology since about 1915.
Flow routing
Flow routing is the family of hydrologic methods that determines the timing and magnitude of a flood wave at a downstream point from upstream data.
FLUXNET
FLUXNET is an international "network of networks" that harmonizes eddy covariance measurements of carbon, water, and energy fluxes from regional networks at over 1,000 sites worldwide.
Frazil ice
Frazil ice consists of fine ice crystals suspended in supercooled, turbulent water, forming first in rivers, lakes, and polar seas before becoming grease and pancake ice.
Freshwater Biology (journal)
Freshwater Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by John Wiley & Sons since 1971, covering freshwater ecology from rivers and lakes to groundwaters and wetlands.
Functional feeding group
A functional feeding group (FFG) is a classification of aquatic macroinvertebrates by their food-acquisition mechanism rather than taxonomy, proposed by Kenneth W. Cummins in 1973 with groups including shredders, collectors, scrapers, and predators.
Gail Kineke
Gail C. Kineke is an American coastal oceanographer at Boston College who studies fine-sediment transport and fluid muds, and received a Presidential Early Career Award in 1996.
Gaining stream
A gaining stream is a stream reach that receives groundwater, which discharges through the streambed where the water table stands higher than the stream's water surface, sustaining baseflow.
Gammarus
Gammarus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans, mostly freshwater and brackish-water scavengers that shred leaf litter in streams, widely used as sentinel organisms in aquatic ecotoxicology.
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel) is a German marine research institute in Kiel studying the ocean from seafloor to atmosphere.
Geosat
Geosat was a United States Navy satellite launched in 1985 carrying a radar altimeter that measured sea surface height to about 5 cm precision, becoming a milestone oceanography data set.
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager
The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) is a South Korean ocean color imaging radiometer on the COMS satellite and the world's first geostationary ocean color sensor, launched in 2010.
Geostrophic current
A geostrophic current is an ocean current in which the Coriolis force from Earth's rotation balances the horizontal pressure gradient force, so the water flows along lines of constant pressure.
GEOTRACES
GEOTRACES is an international scientific program studying the distribution of trace elements and their isotopes in the ocean, with its main field effort launched in 2010.
Geyser
A geyser is a hot spring that periodically erupts a shower of boiling water and steam, with quiet intervals between eruptions; fewer than 1,000 exist worldwide, half in Yellowstone.
Glacier collapse
Glacier collapse, also called glacier detachment, is the sudden catastrophic failure of a glacier or ice shelf, from ice shelf disintegration to rock-ice avalanches like Blatten in 2025.
Global Drifter Program
The Global Drifter Program (GDP) is a NOAA-led ocean observing program that maintains a global array of about 1,250 satellite-tracked drifting buoys measuring ocean currents and sea surface temperature.
Global Energy and Water Exchanges project
The Global Energy and Water Exchanges project (GEWEX), launched in 1988, is a core project of the World Climate Research Programme that studies Earth's water cycle and energy fluxes.
Global Flood Awareness System
The Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) is a global flood forecasting service of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service, developed by ECMWF and fully operational since 2018.
Global Land Data Assimilation System
The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) is a NASA modeling system that combines satellite and ground observations to generate global fields of soil moisture, temperature, and runoff since 2001.
Global Ocean Forecasting System
The Global Ocean Forecasting System (GOFS) is the United States Navy's global ocean and sea ice forecasting system, built on the HYCOM model and run daily.
Global Ocean Observing System
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is an intergovernmental framework led by UNESCO's IOC, created in 1991, that coordinates ocean observing networks delivering data on essential ocean variables.
Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP)
The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) is an international network of about 55 ocean survey lines repeated roughly every decade, measuring full-depth changes in heat, carbon, oxygen, and salinity.
Global water cycle intensification
Global water cycle intensification is the increase in evaporation, atmospheric water vapor, precipitation, and runoff in response to climate warming, intensifying droughts, floods, and heavy rainfall.