5,021 articles
Technosols
Technosols are soils dominated by human-made material, with 20 percent or more artifacts, one of the 32 Reference Soil Groups of the World Reference Base.
Tectonic escape
Tectonic escape, also called extrusion tectonics, is a mode of continental deformation in which crustal blocks are squeezed sideways out of a collision zone along strike-slip faults.
Tectonic inheritance
Tectonic inheritance is the control that pre-existing weaknesses in the lithosphere exert on later deformation: new faults, rifts, and mountain belts preferentially exploit zones weakened during earlier tectonic events.
Ted Fujita
Ted Fujita, also known as Tetsuya Theodore Fujita, was a Japanese-American University of Chicago meteorologist who created the Fujita tornado intensity scale and discovered downbursts and microbursts.
Teitiota v. New Zealand
Teitiota v. New Zealand is a 2019 UN Human Rights Committee decision holding that climate change can trigger non-refoulement obligations, though it found no violation for Kiribati man Ioane Teitiota.
Tektite
A tektite is a small piece of natural glass formed when a meteorite impact melts terrestrial rocks and throws molten ejecta over a strewn field.
Telluric current
A telluric current, also called an Earth current, is a natural electric current flowing through the Earth's crust, oceans, or mantle, driven by magnetic-field variations from the Sun and lightning.
Temperate climate
A temperate climate is a middle-latitude climate with no extreme season, defined in the Köppen-Geiger scheme as group C and subdivided into humid subtropical, marine west coast, and Mediterranean types.
Temperature in Canada
Temperature in Canada: surface air temperature regime measured by Environment and Climate Change Canada. Official extremes −63°C at Snag (1947) and 45°C at Midale; national warming of 2.4°C since 1948, about twice the global rate.
Tengger Caldera
Tengger Caldera (Kaldera Tengger), a 16-km-wide caldera complex in East Java, Indonesia, on the Sunda arc; five overlapping stratovolcanoes, with active Mount Bromo, Ngadisari and Sandsea calderas, and heavy tourism.
Tensiometer (soil science)
A tensiometer is a field instrument that measures the matric potential of soil water through a water-saturated porous ceramic cup, used chiefly to schedule irrigation in medium to fine textured soils.
Tensor tomography
Tensor tomography is the reconstruction of a tensor field, such as anisotropic elastic or transport properties, from its integrals along ray paths, generalizing computed tomography's X-ray transform.
Tephra
Tephra, also called volcanic fallout, is the collective term for fragmental volcanic material ejected into the atmosphere during explosive eruptions, classified by size as ash, lapilli, or blocks and bombs.
Tephrochronology
Tephrochronology is a dating and correlation method that uses volcanic ash layers as isochronous marker beds, linking sediment cores, ice cores, and archaeological sequences on a common timescale.
Tephrostratigraphy
Tephrostratigraphy is the study of sequences of tephra layers and cryptotephras, volcanic deposits used to correlate sediment sequences across regions and, with dated layers, to transfer ages between sites.
Terich Mir
Terich Mir, also spelled Tirich Mir, is a mountain in Chitral, northern Pakistan, and the highest peak of the Hindu Kush at about 7,700 meters (25,290 feet).
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
The Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) is a C-band Doppler radar operated by the FAA to detect wind shear and microbursts near major United States airports, in service since 1994.
Terrain
Terrain, also known as topographic relief or land relief, is any tract of the Earth's surface viewed as a physical feature, geologic setting, or site of human activity.
Terrain correction
A terrain correction is an adjustment applied to gravity measurements to remove the gravitational attraction of surrounding topography, supplementing the Bouguer correction; it was first recognized in 1912.
Terrane
A terrane, formally a tectonostratigraphic terrane, is a fault-bounded fragment of crust with a geologic history distinct from adjacent terranes, a key concept in terrane analysis.
Terrane accretion
Terrane accretion is the tectonic process by which fault-bounded crustal fragments, called terranes, become welded onto a continent's margin during subduction, driving convergent-margin mountain building.
TerraSAR-X
TerraSAR-X is a German Earth-observation satellite carrying an X-band synthetic aperture radar, launched in 2007 to image Earth in all weather; it later flew with its twin TanDEM-X.
Terrestrial gamma-ray flash
A terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF) is a sub-millisecond burst of gamma rays with energies up to about 100 MeV, produced inside active thunderstorms and temporally associated with lightning events.
Terrestrial heat flow
Terrestrial heat flow is the rate at which heat escapes from the Earth's interior through its surface, measured in milliwatts per square meter and compiled in the Global Heat Flow Database.
Terrestrial water storage
Terrestrial water storage (TWS) is the sum of all water on a region's land surface and subsurface, from soil moisture and groundwater to snow, ice, lakes, and rivers.
Terrestrialization
Terrestrialization, also called infilling, is the process by which a lake or pond gradually fills with organic and mineral sediment until a peatland forms, one of the two main pathways of peatland initiation alongside paludification.
Tertiary period
The Tertiary, also called the Tertiary system, is a historical geologic period spanning about 66 to 2.6 million years ago, now divided into the Paleogene and Neogene.
Test pit (soil survey)
A test pit, or soil pit, is an excavation dug during a soil survey so the soil profile can be observed in place and sampled by horizon.
Tetrahedrite
Tetrahedrite is a widespread copper antimony sulfosalt mineral with the ideal formula Cu12Sb4S13, best known as an earth-abundant p-type thermoelectric material with zT near unity at about 700 K.
Tetrataenite
Tetrataenite is a chemically ordered iron-nickel mineral that forms in meteorites during extremely slow cooling, first identified in 1980 and studied as a candidate for rare-earth-free permanent magnets.