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Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) was a joint NASA and Japanese satellite, launched in 1997, that measured tropical rainfall and operated for 17 years.
Tropical rainforest climate
A tropical rainforest climate, also called an equatorial climate, is the wettest Köppen tropical type, designated Af, with every month above 60 mm of rain and no dry season.
Tropical savanna climate
The tropical savanna climate, also called the tropical wet and dry climate, is a Köppen climate type (Aw) with a pronounced dry season, covering 11.5 percent of Earth's land.
Tropical Storm Allison (2001)
Tropical Storm Allison was the first named storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, flooding Houston with nearly 40 inches of rain and causing about $5 billion in damage.
Tropical Storm Arthur (2026)
Tropical Storm Arthur was the first named storm of the 2026 Atlantic hurricane season, forming near the Texas coast in June 2026 and causing record flooding in Louisiana.
Tropical Storm Bertha (2026)
Tropical Storm Bertha was the second named storm of the 2026 Atlantic hurricane season, forming in the Gulf of Mexico in July 2026 and making landfalls in Louisiana and Texas.
Tropical Storm Boris (2026)
Tropical Storm Boris was the second named storm of the 2026 Pacific hurricane season, making landfall near the Oaxaca-Guerrero border on June 9 with heavy rain.
Tropical Storm Cristina (2026)
Tropical Storm Cristina was a weak tropical cyclone of the 2026 Pacific hurricane season that formed off Nicaragua in June 2026 and brought heavy rain to Central America.
Tropical Storm Imelda (2019)
Tropical Storm Imelda was a 2019 tropical cyclone that made landfall near Freeport, Texas, and stalled, dumping over 40 inches of rain and causing deadly floods.
Tropical Storm Jangmi (2026)
Tropical Storm Jangmi (장미), known as Domeng in the Philippines, was a 2026 Pacific cyclone that struck Wakayama, Japan in early June, causing record June rainfall and flooding.
Tropical Storm Lee (2011)
Tropical Storm Lee was the twelfth named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, coming ashore in Louisiana and causing record flooding that killed 15 people.
Tropical Storm Maysak
Tropical Storm Maysak, the international name for western North Pacific cyclones, comes from a rotating Typhoon Committee list; it is a Cambodian name meaning "teak."
Tropical Storm Risk (forecasting consortium)
Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) is a forecasting consortium, launched in 1998 at University College London and operated by EuroTempest, issuing seasonal hurricane and typhoon forecasts.
Tropical Storm Trami
Tropical Storm Trami, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Kristine, crossed Luzon in late October 2024, causing flooding that killed 159 people before hitting Vietnam.
Tropical Storm Wipha
Tropical Storm Wipha is a western Pacific storm name contributed by Thailand, used in 2007, 2019, and 2025 and retired after the destructive July 2025 typhoon.
Tropical storms Kujira and Peilou
Tropical Storm Kujira and Tropical Storm Peilou were consecutive tropical cyclones of August 2026 that crossed northern Luzon and enhanced the southwest monsoon over the Philippines.
Tropical wave
A tropical wave, also called an easterly wave, is a trough of low pressure moving west across the tropics that can develop into a tropical cyclone.
Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, holding about 75 to 80 percent of its mass and nearly all its water vapor, where almost all weather occurs.
Trossingen Formation
Trossingen Formation (Knollenmergel, Feuerletten): late Norian Middle Keuper mudstone unit of SW Germany with carbonate nodules, playa-facies vertisols, and the famous Obere Mühle Plateosaurus trossingensis bonebed with over 80 skeletons.
True polar wander
True polar wander is the reorientation of a planet's entire solid crust and mantle relative to its spin axis, caused by redistribution of mass within or on the planet.
Tskhouk-Karckar
Tskhouk-Karckar (Tzghuk) is a group of eight Holocene pyroclastic cones with basaltic-andesite lava flows in Armenia's Syunik upland on the Azerbaijan border, last erupting about 3000 BCE, its lavas overlying petroglyphs and feeding gravesites dated 2770 BCE.
Tsunami
A tsunami, also called a seismic sea wave, is a series of ocean waves usually generated by a large undersea earthquake that suddenly displaces the water column.
Tuff
Tuff, also known as ashstone or volcanic tuff, is a volcanic rock formed when ash and pyroclastic fragments from an explosive eruption consolidate, and it is used as a building stone.
Tuffaceous sandstone
Tuffaceous sandstone is a sand-grade sedimentary rock containing 25% to 75% volcanic particles, chiefly pyroclastic material such as volcanic glass and ash, mixed with ordinary sand grains, intermediate between sandstone and tuff.
Tundra
Tundra, also called the tundra biome, is a treeless biome of the Arctic and high mountains where permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil, underlies a short growing season.
Tunguska event
The Tunguska event, also called the Tunguska blast, was a powerful airburst over central Siberia on June 30, 1908, flattening about 2,150 square kilometers of forest without a crater.
Turbidite
A turbidite is a layer of sediment deposited by a turbidity current, a gravity-driven underwater flow; turbidite beds are typically graded, with a coarse base and a finer cap.
Turbidity current
A turbidity current is a rapid downslope flow of sediment-laden water, the main way sediment reaches the deep ocean, breaking seabed cables as it goes.
Turonian
The Turonian is a stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch lasting from about 93.9 to 89.8 million years ago, following the Cenomanian and preceding the Coniacian.
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque blue to green phosphate of copper and aluminum prized as a gemstone since about 5000 BC, mined earliest in Egypt and Persia.