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World Weather Attribution
World Weather Attribution (WWA) is an international collaboration of climate scientists, founded in 2014, known for rapid studies of climate change's role in extreme weather.
World Weather Records
World Weather Records (WWR) is a NOAA publication and dataset of monthly pressure, temperature, and precipitation data from land stations worldwide, first released in 1927.
World Weather Watch
World Weather Watch is the World Meteorological Organization's core international program, established in 1963, coordinating weather observation and data exchange so every country can obtain forecasts and warnings.
World Wide Lightning Location Network
The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is a global VLF radio network run by the University of Washington that has located lightning worldwide in near real time since 2004.
WRF-Chem
WRF-Chem is the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry, a regional modeling system that simulates atmospheric gases and aerosols together with the meteorology that carries them.
WRF-Hydro
WRF-Hydro is an open-source hydrological modeling system developed at NCAR that simulates land surface fluxes, overland and subsurface flow, and channel and reservoir routing, either standalone or coupled to models like WRF.
WRF-SFIRE
WRF-SFIRE is an open-source coupled atmosphere-wildland fire model combining the WRF numerical weather prediction model with the SFIRE fire-spread module, so fire and weather evolve together in one simulation.
WRFDA
WRFDA, formerly known as WRF-VAR, is the data assimilation system for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, developed by NCAR and supporting global and regional 3D- and 4D-Var analysis.
Wurtzite
Wurtzite is a hexagonal zinc sulfide mineral, (Zn,Fe)S, and the high-temperature polymorph of sphalerite. Charles Friedel named it in 1861 for French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz.
Xenotime
Xenotime is a rare-earth phosphate mineral, the yttrium orthophosphate end member of the xenotime group, one of the three principal rare-earth ores and an important source of heavy rare earths.
Xiuhtezcatl Martinez
Xiuhtezcatl Martinez, also known as Xiuhtezcatl Tonatiuh and formerly published as Xiuhtezcatl Roske-Martinez, is an American Indigenous climate activist and hip-hop artist who addressed the United Nations at age 15.
Yanacocha
Yanacocha is a surface gold mine in Cajamarca, northern Peru, the largest in South America. Wholly owned by Newmont, it has produced gold since 1993 from pits high in the Andes.
Yardang
A yardang is a streamlined ridge of soft rock or cohesive sediment carved by wind into a form aligned with the prevailing wind, common in drylands and found on Mars.
Yarnell Hill Fire
The Yarnell Hill Fire was a lightning-caused 2013 wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona, whose wind-driven flames killed 19 of 20 Granite Mountain Hotshots on June 30.
Yarrabubba impact structure
The Yarrabubba impact structure is a deeply eroded meteorite impact site in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, dated at 2229 ± 5 million years, the oldest precisely dated on Earth.
Year Without a Summer
The Year Without a Summer, also called Poverty Year, was the cold, wet summer of 1816 in Europe and North America, caused by Mount Tambora's 1815 eruption.
Yedoma
Yedoma is ice-rich, silt-dominated permafrost that accumulated in unglaciated northern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon during the late Pleistocene, often containing more ice than sediment.
Yellowstone Caldera
Yellowstone Caldera: the 85 x 45 km volcanic depression formed by the Lava Creek Tuff eruption 640,000 years ago, youngest of three Yellowstone hotspot calderas, powering over 10,000 hydrothermal features and monitored by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory.
Yixian Formation
The Yixian Formation is a Lower Cretaceous rock unit in western Liaoning, northeastern China, whose volcanic lakes preserved the Jehol Biota, including feathered dinosaurs, early birds, and primitive mammals.
Younger Dryas
The Younger Dryas, also called Greenland Stadial 1, was a cold period from about 12,900 to 11,700 years ago that interrupted the warming after the last ice age.
Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, also called the Clovis comet hypothesis, proposes a comet or asteroid impact 12,900 years ago triggered sudden cooling and extinctions.
Youngest Toba eruption
The Youngest Toba eruption was a VEI 8 supervolcanic eruption of the Toba volcano in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, about 74,000 years ago; its ash covered roughly 40 million km² of Earth's surface.
Yucamane
Yucamane (Yucamani), a 5,495 m Holocene stratovolcano in Tacna Region, southern Peru, southern edifice of the Yucamane-Calientes complex near Candarave; last confirmed eruption about 1320 BCE (VEI 5), ranked among the Central Volcanic Zone's highest-risk volcanoes and monitored at green alert by Peru's IGP.
Yulong copper mine
The Yulong copper mine (玉龙铜矿) is a large porphyry copper mine in Jiangda County, Changdu, Tibet, holding China's largest proven copper reserve at 6.5 million tonnes of copper metal.
Z-R relationship
The Z-R relationship is an empirical power law, Z = aR^b, that converts radar reflectivity into rainfall rate; the classic Marshall–Palmer form, Z = 200R^1.6, dates from 1948.
Zechstein
The Zechstein is the Upper Permian succession of marine carbonates and evaporites across the Permian basins of northern Europe, deposited roughly 260 to 251 million years ago.
Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik
The Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) was Austria's national weather service, founded in Vienna in 1851 and described as the world's oldest, until merging into GeoSphere Austria in 2023.
Zero emissions commitment
The zero emissions commitment (ZEC) is the expected change in global temperature after human CO2 emissions cease, best estimated by the IPCC as near zero.
Zero-valent iron
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is metallic iron used as a strong reducing agent to remediate contaminants in groundwater, soil, and wastewater, most prominently in permeable reactive barriers.
Zhupanovsky
Zhupanovsky (Жупановский вулкан, Vakhilskaya Sopka) is a four-cone compound stratovolcano on Kamchatka, Russia, 2,899 m, last erupting 2013-2017 from the Priemysh cone.