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Climate of Ireland
The climate of Ireland, also known as the Irish climate, is temperate maritime (Köppen Cfb), with mild winters, cool summers, and about 1,288 mm of annual rainfall.
Climate of Italy
The climate of Italy, also covered as the climate in Italy, ranges from Mediterranean along the coasts to alpine tundra in the Alps, among Europe's most varied.
Climate of London
London has a temperate maritime climate with an annual mean of about 11°C; days above 30°C have quadrupled since 1961–1990, and extreme heat is the city's most urgent climate risk.
Climate of Los Angeles
The climate of Los Angeles is Mediterranean, marked by dry summers, rainy winters, and mild temperatures, with coastal fog, Santa Ana winds, and pronounced microclimates shaped by distance from the Pacific.
Climate of Melbourne
The climate of Melbourne, capital of the Australian state of Victoria, is temperate oceanic and known for highly variable weather, driven by hot interior air and cold Southern Ocean air.
Climate of Mumbai
The climate of Mumbai is tropical savanna, moderated by the Arabian Sea, with about 2,373 mm of annual rainfall concentrated in the June-to-September southwest monsoon.
Climate of New Zealand
The climate of New Zealand is temperate and maritime, ranging from subtropical in the far north to cool in the south, with alpine conditions in the Southern Alps.
Climate of Nigeria
The climate of Nigeria is tropical, governed by the seasonal movement of the ITCZ, producing wet and dry seasons and rainfall that falls sharply from south to north.
Climate of North Carolina
The climate of North Carolina is humid subtropical, with very warm summers and moderately cold winters, varying sharply across the Appalachian Mountains, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain.
Climate of Pakistan
The climate of Pakistan, also called the Pakistani climate, is predominantly arid to semi-arid, with rainfall from the summer monsoon and winter western disturbances; it ranks among the countries most vulnerable to climate change.
Climate of Peru
The climate of Peru spans tropical latitudes, Andean highlands, a desert coast cooled by the Humboldt Current, and Amazon rainforest; SENAMHI's 2020 map recognizes 38 distinct climate types.
Climate of Russia
The climate of Russia is predominantly continental and cold, spanning humid continental, subarctic, and tundra zones, and has warmed over 2.5 times faster than the global average since the mid-1970s.
Climate of Saudi Arabia
The climate of Saudi Arabia is a hot desert climate with very low rainfall, except the southwestern Asir region, which gets about 300 mm of rain per year.
Climate of Seoul
The climate of Seoul is a humid continental climate with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters, with daily rainfall measured in the city since 1778.
Climate of South Africa
The climate of South Africa is predominantly warm temperate and semi-arid, shaped by the cold Benguela and warm Agulhas currents and the high interior plateau.
Climate of Sydney
The climate of Sydney is humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), with warm summers, cool winters, and rainfall spread through the year, moderated by the coast but hotter inland.
Climate of Texas
The climate of Texas features hot summers, mild to cool winters, and a steep east-west rainfall gradient from Gulf moisture, and the state experiences frequent hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods.
Climate of the Amazon
The climate of the Amazon is humid and equatorial, with 1.8 to 3 meters of rain a year, a strong wet and dry season, and heavy rainfall recycling.
Climate of the Arctic
The climate of the Arctic, also called Arctic climate, has long cold winters, sea ice, and permafrost, and is warming more than twice as fast as lower latitudes.
Climate of the Philippines
The climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime, with high temperature and humidity, a rainy season from June to November, and four rainfall-based climate types.
Climate of the Sahara
The climate of the Sahara is a hyper-arid desert regime across roughly 9.2 million square kilometers of northern Africa, with the world's largest atmospheric dust source.
Climate of the United Kingdom
The climate of the United Kingdom is temperate oceanic, shaped by the Atlantic westerlies between 50° and 60°N, with mild, variable weather and wetter west than east.
Climate of the United States
The climate of the United States spans nearly every major climate type on Earth, from Arctic Alaska to tropical Hawaii, and is warming faster than the global average.
Climate of Ukraine
The climate of Ukraine is temperate continental, with warm summers and cold winters, drier in the south, and modified by the Carpathians and the Black Sea.
Climate of Vancouver
Vancouver has a temperate oceanic climate with mild, very wet winters, warm, drier summers, about 1,537 mm of rain a year, and a mean temperature of 11.4 °C.
Climate refugee
A climate refugee is a person forced from home by climate harms like sea-level rise or drought; the term is widely used but has no basis in international law.
Climate reparations
Climate reparations are compensation claimed from states and fossil fuel companies for climate loss and damage in countries that contributed little to emissions, first proposed by Vanuatu in 1991.
Climate risk stress testing
Climate risk stress testing applies hypothetical climate scenarios to financial institutions' balance sheets to estimate potential losses, a practice central banks began in the early 2020s.
Climate science communication
Climate science communication is the study and practice of how people come to understand, care about, and act on climate change, covering framing, consensus messaging, and psychology.
Climate sensitivity
Climate sensitivity measures how much Earth's surface warms in response to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide; the IPCC's 2021 best estimate is 3 °C, likely between 2.5 and 4 °C.