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Controlled-source electromagnetics
Controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) is a geophysical exploration method that maps subsurface resistivity using a controlled low-frequency source, used commercially to detect offshore oil and gas reservoirs.
Convection-permitting model
A convection-permitting model (CPM) is a weather model with grid spacing of about 1 to 4 km, fine enough that it simulates storms explicitly without a convective parameterization.
Convective available potential energy
Convective available potential energy (CAPE) is a measure, in joules per kilogram, of the buoyant energy available to accelerate rising air, widely used to gauge thunderstorm potential.
Convective inhibition
Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH) is the energy per unit mass needed to lift an air parcel to its level of free convection, the counterpart of CAPE.
Convective mixing
Convective mixing is the vertical mixing of a fluid driven by buoyancy, and in lakes it is often the dominant driver of mixing and stratification.
Convergent boundary
A convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate margin, is a plate tectonic boundary where two plates move toward each other, driving subduction, mountain building, and Earth's largest earthquakes.
Cooper Canyon Formation
Cooper Canyon Formation, uppermost formation of the Dockum Group (Upper Triassic, Norian, 228-209 Ma) in West Texas; reddish mudstone and sandstone lacustrine unit hosting the Post Quarry vertebrate fauna, distinct from the Australian Cooper Basin.
Cooperative Observer Program
The Cooperative Observer Program, or COOP, is a National Weather Service network of volunteer daily weather observations, running since the 1890s and anchoring the national climate record.
Copenhagen Accord
The Copenhagen Accord, also called the Copenhagen climate treaty, is a 2009 political agreement recognizing a goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.
Copernican period
The Copernican period is the youngest formal division of lunar geologic time, beginning with the Copernicus impact about 900 million years ago and extending to the present.
Copernicus Climate Change Service
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), run by ECMWF for the European Commission since 2014, provides free climate data through its Climate Data Store, launched in 2018.
Copernicus Land Motion service
The Copernicus Land Motion service, known as the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS), uses Sentinel-1 radar data to detect and measure ground movement across Europe with millimeter precision.
Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service
The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, commonly called the Copernicus Marine Service, is the European Union's marine Earth observation service, launched in 2014 and implemented by Mercator Ocean International.
Copernicus Marine Service
The Copernicus Marine Service, also called the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, is the European Union's operational ocean monitoring and forecasting service, launched in 2014.
Copper World
Copper World, formerly known as Rosemont, is a proposed open-pit copper mine in the Santa Rita Mountains southeast of Tucson, Arizona, developed by Hudbay Minerals.
Copperbelt
The Copperbelt is a copper-mining region spanning northern Zambia and the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, one of the world's largest sediment-hosted copper-cobalt provinces.
Coprolite
A coprolite is fossilized feces, a trace fossil preserving animal droppings from millions of years ago and providing direct evidence of ancient diets, health, and parasites.
CORDEX
CORDEX (the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) is a World Climate Research Programme program, initiated in 2009, coordinating regional climate model downscaling across 14 continental domains worldwide.
Cordierite
Cordierite is a magnesium aluminum cyclosilicate mineral that forms in thermally metamorphosed rocks; its transparent violet-blue gem variety, iolite, is also used synthetically in catalytic converter substrates.
Core formation
Core formation is the differentiation process in which molten iron sinks through a rocky planet's or asteroid's silicate interior to form a dense metallic core, fixing the core and mantle compositions seen today.
Core logging
Core logging is the systematic recording of observations made on drill core, the cylindrical rock samples recovered by drilling, capturing rock type, alteration, mineralization, and geotechnical properties at measured depths.
Core–mantle interaction
Core–mantle interaction is the exchange of heat, momentum, and chemical constituents between Earth's liquid iron outer core and silicate mantle across a boundary about 2,900 km deep.
Coring (geology)
Coring is a geologic sampling method that extracts cylindrical cores of rock, sediment, or ice from the ground, seafloor, or glaciers, preserving the vertical order of strata for laboratory analysis.
Coropuna
Coropuna (Nevado Coropuna), Peru's highest volcano at 6,377 m in the Cordillera Ampato near Arequipa, is an ice-capped complex of stratovolcano cones and domes with the largest tropical icefield, active seismicity, and Inca sacred status.
Corrida de Cori Volcanic Field
Corrida de Cori Volcanic Field, a late Cenozoic volcano chain on the Chile-Argentina border at 25.1°S, 68.3°W; its youngest center is Cerro Escorial (5,451 m), source of the ca. 460 ka Escorial ignimbrite.
Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and the mineral that, with trace coloring elements, produces ruby and sapphire; it ranks 9 on the Mohs scale.
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive ground-based method that measures soil moisture by counting low-energy neutrons from cosmic rays, with a footprint of hundreds of meters demonstrated in 2008.
Côté Gold Mine
The Côté Gold Mine is a large open-pit gold mine in northeastern Ontario, Canada, jointly owned by IAMGOLD and Sumitomo Metal Mining, which poured its first gold in 2024.
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is an international effort under the World Climate Research Programme that coordinates standard climate model experiments and distributes multi-model archives, a key IPCC input.
Covellite
Covellite is a copper sulfide mineral, CuS, known for its deep indigo-blue iridescent color; named in 1832 for Niccolò Covelli, who discovered it at Mount Vesuvius.