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Lubin–Tate formal group law
The Lubin–Tate formal group law, or Lubin–Tate group, is a formal group over the integers of a local field, introduced by Jonathan Lubin and John Tate in 1965.
Luca Pacioli
Luca Pacioli, also known as Fra Luca Pacioli, was an Italian Franciscan friar and mathematician whose 1494 Summa gave the first printed account of double-entry bookkeeping.
Lucas number
The Lucas numbers, also known as the Lucas series, are an integer sequence 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, where each term is the sum of the two before it.
Lucas numbers
Lucas numbers form an integer sequence 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, defined by the Fibonacci recurrence but with different starting values, named for Édouard Lucas.
Lucas sequence
A Lucas sequence is one of a pair of integer sequences defined by a recurrence with parameters P and Q, generalizing Fibonacci, Pell, and Mersenne numbers.
Lucky number
A lucky number is a positive integer surviving a position-based sieve invented at Los Alamos in 1956 as a variation of the sieve of Eratosthenes.
Łukasiewicz logic
Łukasiewicz logic, also called Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic, is a many-valued logic introduced by Polish logician Jan Łukasiewicz in 1920, with truth values between true and false.
Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra
A Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra, also known as an LM algebra, is a bounded distributive lattice with nuance operations, introduced by Grigore Moisil in 1940 as an algebraic counterpart of Łukasiewicz's many-valued logic.
Lyndon word
A Lyndon word is a finite word over an ordered alphabet that is lexicographically smaller than all of its nontrivial rotations, introduced by Roger Lyndon in 1954.
M-matrix
An M-matrix is a real square matrix with nonpositive off-diagonal entries and nonnegative principal minors, named for Minkowski and used in numerical analysis, economics, and probability.
Macaulay2
Macaulay2 is a free, open-source software system for research in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, created by Daniel Grayson and Michael Stillman and funded by the National Science Foundation since 1992.
Macdonald polynomials
Macdonald polynomials are a two-parameter family of symmetric polynomials indexed by partitions, introduced by Ian G. Macdonald in 1987 to unify the Hall-Littlewood and Jack symmetric functions.
Machine epsilon
Machine epsilon is the smallest positive number that, when added to 1.0 in a floating-point system, produces a result different from 1.0, measuring the system's precision.
MacMahon partition analysis
MacMahon partition analysis is a combinatorial method introduced by Percy MacMahon in 1915 that counts solutions of linear Diophantine inequalities via the Omega operator, revived by George Andrews in the late 1990s.
Magic square
A magic square is a square array of numbers in which every row, column, and main diagonal sums to the same value; the oldest known example is China's 3×3 Lo Shu square.
Magic square of squares
A magic square of squares is a 3 × 3 magic square whose nine entries are all perfect squares; whether one exists with distinct entries is an open problem.
Magma (computer algebra system)
Magma is a computer algebra system for computation in algebra, number theory, and algebraic geometry, developed by the Computational Algebra Group at the University of Sydney.
Magnitude (mathematics)
Magnitude in mathematics is the property that determines whether an object is larger or smaller than others of the same kind, from Euclid's geometry to vector norms.
Mahlo cardinal
A Mahlo cardinal, also called a strongly Mahlo cardinal, is a large cardinal that is inaccessible and a stationary limit of regular cardinals, introduced by Paul Mahlo in 1911.
Mahonian statistic
A Mahonian statistic is a statistic on permutations whose distribution equals that of the inversion number; the major index is the other prototype, both named for Percy MacMahon.
Maple (software)
Maple, also known as the Maple computer algebra system, is a general-purpose mathematics software developed by Maplesoft, conceived at the University of Waterloo in November 1980.
Mapping cone (homological algebra)
The mapping cone of a chain map f is a chain complex Cone(f) whose homology measures exactly the failure of f to be a quasi-isomorphism.
Maria Gaetana Agnesi
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799) was an Italian mathematician of Milan whose 1748 calculus textbook Instituzioni analitiche was acclaimed across Europe; the witch of Agnesi curve bears her name.
Matching polynomial
The matching polynomial of a graph is a polynomial whose coefficients count the graph's matchings by size, introduced by Farrell in 1979 and studied by Heilmann and Lieb.
Mathematical coincidence
A mathematical coincidence, also called a coincidence in mathematics, is an equality or near-equality between different mathematical quantities that has no known theoretical explanation, such as rational approximations to π.
Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx
Karl Marx's mathematical manuscripts are roughly a thousand sheets of notes on mathematics, chiefly the differential calculus, written in the 1850s to 1883 and published in the 20th century.
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person who uses mathematics as a profession or primary field of study, either extending mathematical knowledge through research and proof or applying it to practical problems.
Mathematics
Mathematics (Mathematik) is the science of structure, order, and relation that evolved from counting, measuring, and describing shapes, spanning ancient Babylonian arithmetic to modern fields like artificial intelligence.
Mathieu group
The Mathieu groups are five finite simple groups, M11 through M24, discovered by Émile Mathieu in 1861 and 1873 as the first sporadic simple groups.
Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns, the central object of linear algebra, used to represent linear transformations and systems of equations.