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Maria Gaetana Agnesi
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799) was an Italian mathematician of Milan whose 1748 calculus textbook Instituzioni analitiche was acclaimed across Europe; the witch of Agnesi curve bears her name.
Marital Status
Marital status is a demographic parameter classifying people as married, never married, divorced, widowed, or separated, used in censuses and surveys such as the US ACS and MeSH descriptor D017533, and studied as a health and mortality correlate.
Mark and recapture
Mark and recapture, also called capture-recapture, is a statistical method for estimating population size: individuals are captured, marked, and released, and the marked proportion in later samples is back-calculated.
Markov additive process
A Markov additive process (MAP) is a stochastic process combining a Markov modulator with an additive component, introduced in the 1970s as a generalization of Lévy processes.
Markov algorithm
A Markov algorithm, also called a normal algorithm, is a string-rewriting model of computation, introduced by Andrei Markov in 1947 and equivalent in power to a Turing machine.
Markov blanket
A Markov blanket is the minimal set of variables shielding a target from all others, introduced by Judea Pearl in 1988 as a core Bayesian network concept.
Markov chain
A Markov chain, also called a Markovian process, is a stochastic process where the next state depends only on the current state, used in web ranking and statistical sampling.
Markov chain central limit theorem
The Markov chain central limit theorem states that centered sums of a function along a Markov chain converge to a normal distribution, underpinning MCMC standard errors.
Markov chain Monte Carlo
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms that sample from a probability distribution by running a Markov chain with that distribution as its equilibrium.
Markov kernel
A Markov kernel, also called a stochastic kernel or transition probability, is a measurable map assigning to each point of one space a probability measure on another.
Markov model
A Markov model is a stochastic model where the next state depends only on the current state, used in speech recognition, bioinformatics, and Bayesian inference.
Markov property
The Markov property, or Markov condition, is the memoryless property of a stochastic process: given the present state, the future does not depend on the past.
Markov random field
A Markov random field, or Markov network, is a set of random variables on an undirected graph where each variable is conditionally independent of all others given its neighbors.
Markov reward process
A Markov reward process is a Markov chain with numerical rewards attached to states or transitions and a discount factor, modeling a stochastic system scored over time but not controlled.
Markov's inequality
Markov's inequality is a theorem of probability theory bounding the probability that a non-negative random variable exceeds a threshold by its mean divided by that threshold.
Martin Gardner
Martin Gardner, who also wrote as Armand T. Ringer, was an American popular mathematics and science writer, best known for the Scientific American "Mathematical Games" column from 1957 to 1980.
Martin-Löf randomness
Martin-Löf randomness is the standard formal notion of algorithmic randomness for individual infinite binary sequences, introduced by the Swedish logician Per Martin-Löf in his 1966 paper "The definition of random sequences".
Martin-Löf type theory
Martin-Löf type theory (MLTT), also called intuitionistic type theory, is a constructive formal system devised by Per Martin-Löf that underlies proof assistants like Coq and Agda.
Martin's axiom
Martin's axiom (MA) is a set-theoretic statement that any family of fewer than continuum many dense subsets of a ccc partial order can all be met by one filter.
Martin's maximum
Martin's Maximum (MM) is a forcing axiom of set theory, isolated by Foreman, Magidor, and Shelah in 1988 and ostensibly the strongest possible of its general form.
Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process, such as a gambler's fortune in a fair game, whose expected future value given all past observations equals its present value.
Martingale central limit theorem
The martingale central limit theorem (martingale CLT) states that normalized sums of martingale differences, dependent variables revealed sequentially, converge in distribution to a normal, or a mixture of normals.
Martingale difference sequence
A martingale difference sequence, or martingale difference series, is a sequence of integrable random variables whose conditional expectation given the entire past is zero, so each increment is unpredictable from past history.
Mary Somerville
Mary Somerville was a Scottish science writer and polymath who studied mathematics and astronomy, and in 1835 became one of the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Matched asymptotic expansions
Matched asymptotic expansions is a method for solving singular perturbation problems, building inner and outer expansions in different regions and joining them through an overlap.
Matched-pair analysis
Matched-pair analysis is a statistical design and analysis method in which study units are paired on observed baseline covariates, so confounding from the matched variables is controlled by the pairing itself.
Matching (graph theory)
In graph theory, a matching is a set of edges, no two sharing an endpoint; the matching problem seeks a largest or minimum-weight such set.
Matching polynomial
The matching polynomial of a graph is a polynomial whose coefficients count the graph's matchings by size, introduced by Farrell in 1979 and studied by Heilmann and Lieb.
Material conditional
The material conditional, or logical conditional, is the truth-functional "if A then B" connective of classical logic, false only when A is true and B is false.
Materials informatics
Materials informatics is the application of data science and machine learning to materials discovery, a field that grew rapidly after the 2011 US Materials Genome Initiative.