6,052 articles
Sequence
A sequence, also called an ordered sequence, is a list of objects in a specified order, formally a function from the positive integers to the real numbers.
Sequences (book)
Sequences is a two-volume mathematics monograph by Heini Halberstam and K. F. Roth on the addition of sequences of integers, published by Clarendon Press in 1966.
Sequent
A sequent is an expression Γ ⇒ Δ in a formal logic, read as yielding the right side from the left, introduced by Gerhard Gentzen in his 1934/35 dissertation.
Sequent calculus
The sequent calculus, or Gentzen calculus, is a formal proof system for logic introduced by Gerhard Gentzen in 1934, a central tool of structural proof theory.
Sequential analysis
Sequential analysis is the branch of statistics in which the sample size is not fixed in advance but is determined by the data as they accumulate.
Sequential convex programming
Sequential convex programming (SCP) is an optimization method that solves nonconvex problems by repeatedly solving convex subproblems until convergence, used in rocket landing guidance and robot motion planning.
Sequential design (statistics)
A sequential design is a statistical experiment plan in which data are collected and analyzed in stages, with the decision to stop made adaptively as results accumulate.
Sequential estimation
Sequential estimation is a statistical method in which the sample size is not fixed in advance but chosen as results come in, stopping once a desired precision is met.
Sequential Gaussian simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS, also written SGSIM) is a geostatistical algorithm that builds Gaussian random field realizations by kriging each value, quantifying uncertainty across ensembles of realizations.
Sequential Monte Carlo and particle-filtering software
Sequential Monte Carlo and particle-filtering software implements sampling algorithms for Bayesian inference in state-space models, propagating weighted particles over time for online estimation, forecasting, and parameter estimation via particle MCMC.
Sequential probability ratio test
The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a hypothesis-testing method introduced by Abraham Wald in 1943, where sampling stops as soon as a likelihood-ratio threshold is crossed.
Sequential quadratic programming
Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is a class of methods for nonlinearly constrained optimization that solves a sequence of quadratic programming subproblems, popularized in the late 1970s.
Serial mediation analysis
Serial mediation analysis is a statistical method testing whether an effect passes through two or more mediators in a specified causal order, such as X → M1 → M2 → Y.
Series (mathematics)
A series, or infinite series, is the sum of the terms of a sequence, defined as the limit of its partial sums when that limit exists.
Serre duality
Serre duality, or Serre's duality theorem, is a duality theorem in algebraic geometry, proved by Jean-Pierre Serre in 1955, that identifies top cohomology with duals of Hom groups.
Serre spectral sequence
The Serre spectral sequence, also called the Leray–Serre spectral sequence, computes the homology of a fibration's total space from the homology of its base and fiber.
Serre's multiplicity conjectures
Serre's multiplicity conjectures are statements in commutative algebra about Serre's Tor-formula intersection multiplicity, defined in the late 1950s; nonnegativity and vanishing are proved, positivity remains open.
Sesquilinear form
A sesquilinear form is a function of two vector variables that is linear in one argument and conjugate-linear in the other, the natural complex replacement for bilinear forms.
Session types
Session types are a type discipline for verifying that concurrent programs exchange messages as a protocol prescribes, introduced by Kohei Honda at CONCUR 1993 and expanded at ESOP 1998.
Set (mathematics)
A set is a well-determined collection of distinct objects, called its members or elements, treated as a single mathematical object; set theory is the standard foundation of mathematics.
Set cover problem
The set cover problem, or set covering, is a combinatorial optimization problem asking for the smallest collection of sets whose union covers every element; it was one of Karp's original 21 NP-complete problems.
Set pair analysis
Set pair analysis (SPA) is a mathematical method for uncertainty analysis that models two interrelated sets as a connection degree, used in evaluation, decision-making, and prediction.
Set theory
Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies collections of objects called sets, founded by Georg Cantor in the 1870s and now the standard foundation of modern mathematics.
Set-builder notation
Set-builder notation, also called set comprehension, is the mathematical notation for specifying a set by a property its members satisfy, as in {x ∈ A : P(x)}.
Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers
The set-theoretic definition of natural numbers identifies 0, 1, 2, and so on with sets, most often the von Neumann ordinals, letting arithmetic develop inside set theories like ZFC.
Set-theoretic multiverse
The set-theoretic multiverse is a view in the philosophy of set theory, introduced by Joel David Hamkins, holding that there are many concepts of set rather than one absolute universe of sets.
Seven Bridges of Königsberg
The Seven Bridges of Königsberg, also known as the Königsberg bridge problem, asks whether a walk through the Prussian city could cross each of its seven bridges exactly once.
Sexagesimal
Sexagesimal, or base 60, is a numeral system with digits from 0 to 59, originating with the Sumerians and surviving in minutes, seconds, and degrees.
Sexy prime
A sexy prime, also called a sexy number, is a prime number forming a pair (p, p + 6) with another prime, such as (5, 11) and (7, 13).
Shakuntala Devi (ಶಕುಂತಲಾ ದೇವಿ)
Shakuntala Devi (ಶಕುಂತಲಾ ದೇವಿ, 1929–2013) was an Indian mental calculator, astrologer, and writer known as the "Human Computer". In 1980 she multiplied two random 13-digit numbers in 28 seconds, a Guinness record for fastest human computation.